tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343761782251649872024-03-05T14:48:06.690-06:00Eras GoneHistory, Archaeology, Travel
M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.comBlogger94125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-53239379796784961822016-09-13T22:16:00.000-05:002016-09-13T22:16:08.967-05:0016 Days To Die – Three Sailors trapped in the USS West Virginia<br />
USS Arizona is the best known of the battleships sunk during the Pearl Harbor attack. And rightly so because of the massive loss of life on that famous ship. The USS Utah also still lay on the bottom of Pearl Harbor, its rusted hull is still visible on the south shore of Ford Island. Less is written about the USS Oklahoma and the USS West Virginia. Both were raised and repaired and saw service later in the war. This story is about the West Virginia and the men who survived the attack but were trapped below decks.<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;">Re-blogged from War History Online. https://www.warhistoryonline.com/featured/pearl-harbor-16-days-to-die.html</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The USS West Virginia as she appeared in 1934. <br />She still had this basic configuration during the attack on Pearl Harbor</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">In the aftermath of the attacks on Pearl Harbour during World War Two stories emerged of sailors who were trapped in the sunken battleships, some even survived for weeks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Those who were trapped underwater banged continuously on the side of the ship so that anyone would hear them and come to their rescue. When the noises were first heard many thought it was just loose wreckage or part of the clean-up operation for the destroyed harbour.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The USS West Virginia the day after the attack</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">However the day after the attack, crewmen realised that there was an eerie banging noise coming from the foward hull of the USS West Virginia, which had sunk in the harbour.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">It didn’t take long for the crew and Marines based at the harbour to realise that there was nothing they could do. They could not get to these trapped sailors in time. Months later rescue and salvage men who raised the USS West Virginia found the bodies of three men who had found an airlock in a storeroom but had eventually run out of air.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">They were Ronald Endicott, 18, Clifford Olds, 20, and Louis Costin, 21. Within the storeroom was a calendar and they had crossed off every day that they had been alive – 16 days had been crossed off using a red pencil. The men would have been below deck when the attack happened, so it is unlikely that they knew what was happening.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Those who survived the attack and were crew on the USS West Virginia have remembered the story and retold it quietly as a story of bravery and determination of the young soldiers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">In truth, the US Navy had never told their families how long the three men had survived for, instead telling them that they had been killed in the attack on the harbour. Their brothers and sisters eventually discovered the truth but were so saddened that they did not speak of it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">One of Clifford’s friends and comrades Jack Miller often returned to the harbour and would pray for his friend at the site of the sunken wreck. He says that just the night before the attack they had been drinking beer together, and he had wanted to rescue him desperately in the days after the attack.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">However there was no way of any rescue crews getting to them since if they cut a hole in the ship, it would flood it, and if they tried to use a blowtorch it could explode since there was too much oil and gasoline in the water.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Survivors say that no one wanted to go on guard duty anywhere near the USS West Virginia since they would hear the banging of trapped survivors all night long, but with nothing that could be done.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The USS West Virginia as she appeared in 1944 after repair and extensive up grading.</span></td></tr>
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You can read more about the West Virginia's career at this link:<br />
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)<br />
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<br />M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-15331247915199069632016-08-19T21:52:00.000-05:002016-08-19T21:52:15.457-05:00A Cigar Case and Tomb Stone<br />
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">Many years ago a co-worker gave me an old leather cigar case that was carried by a soldier during the Civil War. The front of the case sported a CDV photo of a woman and on the inside, inscribed in ink, was: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">“Presented to Captain Sands </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">by </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">Colonel Miles</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">47th Ill” Vol”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">The case was steel framed and clasped shut similar to an old time coin purse. The outside was Moroccan leather (now turned brown). The inside still retained its bright red color. It had room for six stogies, three on each side.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Inside of Captain Sand's Cigar Case</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">There is a photo of a woman in the front cover of the case,<br />but there is no way to know if it is original to the case. The<br />photo has an Ohio back mark.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">I set it aside and it was several years before I got around to researching Captain Sands and Colonel Miles.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">Daniel L. Miles was the easiest to find. He was actually a Lieutenant Colonel and was second in command of the 47th Illinois Infantry. The 47th was raised early in the War at Peoria Illinois and saw its first combat skirmishing with the enemy in southern Missouri. It was part of a brigade consisting of the 47th Ill. 5th Iowa, 39th Ohio and the 11th Ohio Battery, commanded by Captain Frank C. Sands. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Miles evidently formed a friendship with Sands and presented him with this cigar case sometime during that time frame. In early March the Federal forces in that area were reorganized into the Army of the Mississippi under General John Pope. After the surrender of Confederate forces at Island #10, the Army of the Mississippi was sent to join General Halleck’s advance towards Corinth, Mississippi in late April of 1862. During this reorganization, the 47th Illinois and the 11th Ohio were separated and never again served in the same division. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">The 47th Illinois was made part of the 2nd Division, 2nd Brigade of the Army of the Mississippi along with 5th Iowa, 39th Ohio, 5th Minnesota, 11th Missouri and 8th Wisconsin. The Wisconsin regiment is best known for “Old Abe” a young bald eagle which was kept as a regimental mascot. Indeed the entire brigade became known as the “Eagle Brigade.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">On May 8th, 1862 the Eagle Brigade was sent on a reconnaissance in force towards Farmington, Mississippi a few miles east of Corinth. A large force of Confederates intercepted them and the small Battle of Farmington ensued. The 47th’s regimental historian recorded:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">“The regiment suffered an irreparable loss in the death of its Lieutenant Colonel, Daniel L. Miles, who was struck below the knee by a six pounder solid shot from one of the enemy's guns. His leg was amputated, but he died the next day. He was great of soul, formed in heroic mould, and every inch the ideal soldier. Into this action the Wisconsin 8th had taken "Old Abe," the historic war eagle. He was carried upon a perch beside the colors and when the regiment was ordered to lie down behind the crest of a hill, he hopped from his perch and flattened himself as close to the ground as did any of the men.” <i>Bugle Echoes, The Story of the 47th Illinois Infantry</i> by Cloyd Bryner (1905)</span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ltc Daniel L. Miles. KIA at Farmington, MS<br />May 8, 1862</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">The 47th went on to fight in the Battle of Iuka, supporting, by chance, their old friends in the 11th Ohio Battery (more on Iuka later). The 47th later fought at Corinth, Raymond, Champions Hill, Vicksburg, Red River Campaign, the repulse of Price’s Missouri Raid, and the Siege of Spanish Fort, AL. It was mustered out at Selma, AL in January 1866.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Captain Frank Sands, 11th Ohio Battery</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Guidon for the 11th Ohio Battery</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">The 11th Ohio gained fame at the Battle of Iuka in September 1862. In a meeting engagement between Union forces under Generals Rosecrans and Ord and Confederate forces under General Sterling Price, the 11th became the center of the Union line and the focus of the Confederate attack. Cloyd Bryner of the 47th Illinois recalled:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>“On the crest of the hill stood the 11th Ohio battery. Hamilton (the brigade that the 11th Ohio Battery supported) fought three times his own force led by Price in person — the battle became furious. In front, up the road, came the enemy’'s heavy columns. From the battery upon the hill a deadly fire was poured into the advancing foe. The Confederate musketry concentrating upon the devoted battery soon killed or disabled most of the horses. The wounded animals ran shrieking, mad with pain and fear. On came the line of gray, only to be hurled back in disorder. "The Eagle Brigade" came into action on the double quick, the 47th on the left of the nth Missouri, the 5th Minnesota on the right and the Wisconsin 8th in support. A whole brigade of Texans born down upon the 48th Indiana, which was forced to give about one hundred yards, when it was met and supported by the 4th Minnesota and held its position until relieved by the 47th Illinois. Three times the guns on the crest of the hill were charged by the Confederates, the cannoneers were bayoneted at the guns ; seventy-two dying at their posts</i></b>.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lt Henry Neil of the 11th Ohio remembered in his account of the fight: “As the masses of the enemy advanced the battery opened with canister at short range, mowing down rebels by the scores, until, with every officer and horse killed or disabled, it fell as easy prey. But this success was short lived.”</span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">A marker next to Mississippi Highway 25 in Iuka marks the spot where the 11th Ohio Battery <br />was engaged during the Battle there in September, 1862</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">He reported of the losses: “The Battery entered the fight with ninety-seven men and five officers, commissioned and acting. Of these, eighteen were killed and thirty-nine wounded, many mortally. A number of the wounded had been bayoneted at their guns. Of the cannoneers alone, forty-six were killed or wounded. Forty-six out of a total of fifty-four. More than five men out of every six.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">The 11th had suffered the highest losses of any battery in a single engagement of the Civil War.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">The 11th Ohio went on to participate in the Battle of Corinth and the Vicksburg Campaign. During the Little Rock Campaign of Aug - Sept 1863 the Battery still had not recovered from its terrible losses at Iuka. Infantrymen from various regiments in it's brigade were detailed to help serve it's guns. One of them was my Great-Great Grandfather, Pvt. James Hagerman of the 126th Illinois Infantry.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Somehow, fate had unexplainably placed into my hands the cigar case that belonged my ancestors Battery commander! I have nothing that belonged to Grandfather Jim. No family keepsakes or heirlooms, not even a photograph. This cigar case, linked to two other men, has become the only tangible link to my Great-Great Grandfather. </span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pvt Jim Hagerman served loyally through the War and married an Arkansas girl in 1865, having never returned to his home state of Illinois. Melinda preceded him in death in 1874. He died penniless in Little Rock about 1898 and was buried in a pauper’s grave, I know not where. I ordered a memorial grave maker from the Veteran’s Administration many years ago and erected it in Weeden Cemetery near England Arkansas where his children are interred. That simple VA stone, and now his commander's cigar case are all that we have of Grandfather Jim Hagerman. </span></span><br />
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-85137658158603874132015-07-31T08:14:00.001-05:002015-07-31T08:14:25.187-05:00Wake Island, Invaded Again! July 2015<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Wake Island is one of my favorite
places. I have visited there many times since the early 1990s to conduct
archaeological and environmental compliance projects for US Army.
Its tropical beauty is only surpassed by the tragic history that abounds
among its beaches and concrete pillboxes. Wake is not only a military installation, but a bird sanctuary and a National Historic Landmark for the World War II siege and battle that occurred there. Wake is over 2,000 miles west of Hawaii and one of the most isolated US outposts.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Wake Island (actually a coral atoll composed
of three islands, Wake, Wilkes and Peale) was once a thriving military
base. It is now inhabited only by a hand full of Air Force military and
civilian personnel and a crew of Thai workers who keep the facilities and
airfield open for use. The main "customer" now is the US
Missile Defense Agency. This month Typhoon Halola passed over the low
lying atoll and most of the personnel were evacuated as the storm
approached.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">The storm caused quite a bit of damage and
littered enough debris on the airfield that supply rescue aircraft could not
land. On July 20, 2015 Wake was invaded again, but this was a different
invasion than the one that occurred in December, 1941. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Waking
Up Wake</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Reblogged
from here - <a href="http://r.listpilot.net/c/afa/9uc7vf8/ldaok">http://r.listpilot.net/c/afa/9uc7vf8/ldaok</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Special
operations airmen from Kadena AB, Japan, executed a parachute jump onto Wake
Island in the Western Pacific to clear the island's runway following a typhoon
earlier this month. "Special tactics operators and MC-130 aircrew provide
a rapid response to difficult problems that makes it safer for the next guy to
get the job done," Lt. Col. Edmund Loughran, commander of Kadena's 320th
Special Tactics Squadron, said in a release. All personnel were evacuated from Wake ahead of Typhoon Halola, leaving it
vacant since July 15, according to officials. The 353rd Special Operations
Group airmen surveyed and cleared the runway permitting contingency responders
aboard a C-17 to land 20 minutes later to begin reopening the base. "It
was critical that we open the airfield and get Wake Island back online
quickly," said 36th Contingency Response Group Commander Col. Lee Anderson
from Andersen AFB, Guam. The 353rd SOG flew the mission aboard a 1st Special
Operations Squadron MC-130H Combat Talon II on July 18.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">353rd
SOG aids Wake Island airfield opening </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">By
Tech. Sgt. Kristine Dreyer, 353rd Special Operations Group Public Affairs /
Published July 24, 2015</span><br />
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</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">WAKE
ISLAND AIRFIELD -- Members from the 353rd Special Operations Group deployed to
Andersen Air Base, Guam, July 18, 2015 to support the 36th Crisis Response
Group with the opening of Wake Island airfield after a typhoon hit the island.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Prior
to Typhoon Halola’s arrival, more than 125 Department of Defense members were
evacuated July 15, 2015 leaving the island vacant. After the typhoon moved past
the island, a Special Tactics Team from the 320th Special Tactics Squadron was
tasked to conduct the initial assessment of the runway.</span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">Aircrew from the 1st
Special Operations Squadron and Special Tactics<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
operators from the 320th Special Tactics Squadron, conduct mission planning<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
for the opening of Wake Island while enroute to Andersen Air Base, Guam,<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
July 18, 2015. Members from the 353rd Special Operations Group worked with<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
the 36th Contingency Response Group from Andersen Air Base, Guam, to open<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
Wake Island air field after Typhoon Halola passed through the island. (Photo<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
courtesy of Staff Sgt. Matthew Sharp)</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">“The
353rd SOG responded quickly and efficiently to support the 36th CRG,” said Lt.
Col. John Trube, 353rd SOG deputy commander and mission commander. “This
operation not only demonstrated the SOG’s ability to quickly deploy anywhere,
anytime in the Pacific, but it also showed seamless interoperability between
the 36th CRG and the 353rd SOG that led to mission success.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Staged
out of Andersen Air Base, Guam, an MC-130H Combat Talon II from the 1st Special
Operations Squadron provided airlift for a Special Tactics jump clearing team
and combat search and rescue team to infil Wake Island. After conducting
military freefall operations onto an unmarked drop zone, the operators were
able to clear the runway, assess the airfield environment and receive the first
aircraft within 20 minutes allowing the arrival of a C-17 Globemaster III from
Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii, carrying a team from the 36th CRG and
Wake Island Airfield staff.</span><br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">The view from an
MC-130H Combat Talon II flying over Wake Island July 20,<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
2015. Members from the 353rd Special Operations Group worked with the 36th<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
Contingency Response Group from Andersen Air Base, Guam, to open Wake Island<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
air field after Typhoon Halola passed through the island. (U.S. Air Force<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
photo by Tech. Sgt. Kristine Dreyer)</span></i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtku6FPIMk4mKHJKbAVKNrqECSMisaDN25OWoUyFtlFX8fu8QLdbEyhANJkKR9OLgjaCIJtQb9nDutKKYqtkTYkZUtV4mzKs4C1FYxk5wdDva-2UqHYKy0_d6ZqLl9Q0mq8NqoPvd2WQ9T/s1600/image006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtku6FPIMk4mKHJKbAVKNrqECSMisaDN25OWoUyFtlFX8fu8QLdbEyhANJkKR9OLgjaCIJtQb9nDutKKYqtkTYkZUtV4mzKs4C1FYxk5wdDva-2UqHYKy0_d6ZqLl9Q0mq8NqoPvd2WQ9T/s640/image006.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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</span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">A rescue jumpmaster
from the 320th Special Tactics Squadron uses rescue<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
jumpmaster procedures to allow a special tactics team to conduct military<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
freefall onto an unknown and unmarked drop zone. Members from the 353rd<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
Special Operations Group worked with the 36th Contingency Response Group<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
from Andersen Air Base, Guam, to open Wake Island air field after Typhoon<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
Halola passed through the island. (U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt.<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
Kristine Dreyer)</span></i></div>
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</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">“The
sheer size of the Pacific can turn an ordinary mission into a real challenge,”
said Lt. Col. Edmund Loughran, 320th STS commander. “Special Tactics operators
and MC-130 aircrew provide a rapid response to difficult problems that makes it
safer for the next guy to get the job done. I am very proud of what the Team
was able to accomplish on Wake Island.”</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span><br />
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitFNdJD2j6kgZ7dD6zzaDo6j7kvGxtPjuDZXkJmWnc70Znb7x9prlCXfdquVjAH7tGMABJBQ1kceGHgI1S6v6sHU8RXYxEkgBtwpm8BnoY35LiqZCansyKSYcOE8LoOPyar6p82XP5DBNY/s1600/image005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitFNdJD2j6kgZ7dD6zzaDo6j7kvGxtPjuDZXkJmWnc70Znb7x9prlCXfdquVjAH7tGMABJBQ1kceGHgI1S6v6sHU8RXYxEkgBtwpm8BnoY35LiqZCansyKSYcOE8LoOPyar6p82XP5DBNY/s640/image005.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">A special tactics team
from the 320th Special Tactics Squadron jumps out of<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
an MC-130H Combat Talon II to infil onto Wake Island July 20, 2015. Members<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
from the 353rd Special Operations Group worked with the 36th Contingency<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
Response Group from Andersen Air Base, Guam, to open Wake Island air field<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
after Typhoon Halola passed through the island. (U.S. Air Force photo by<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
Tech. Sgt. Kristine Dreyer)</span></i></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Once
access to the island was gained, the crisis response Airmen from Andersen Air
Base worked with the local residents to further assess the area for damage and
reestablish the airfield, so normal operations could resume as quickly as
possible.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPftjMkaGDRJUG1_OVPT23Uz1rfx_vHmD3QnD4TIR_dELmcE3JugwMOqJA8ILYa3pTqVRt6vpZfxyb5_PhI1ZRg-87r7wnhIFHQZEKuBZ4FNIsQ0-UXQBM2SMLdPao9-r0VTRTHvVIQRxg/s1600/image003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPftjMkaGDRJUG1_OVPT23Uz1rfx_vHmD3QnD4TIR_dELmcE3JugwMOqJA8ILYa3pTqVRt6vpZfxyb5_PhI1ZRg-87r7wnhIFHQZEKuBZ4FNIsQ0-UXQBM2SMLdPao9-r0VTRTHvVIQRxg/s640/image003.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">A combat controller
from the 320th Special Tactics Squadron clears the first<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
C-17 Globemaster III from Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii, to land on<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
Wake Island July 20, 2015 after it was hit by a typhoon. The special tactics<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
team was the first to arrive to the island by military freefall jump from an<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
MC-130H Combat Talon II. Members from the 353rd Special Operations Group<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
worked with the 36th Contingency Response Group from Andersen Air Base,<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
Guam, to open Wake Island air field after Typhoon Halola passed through the<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
island. (U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Kristine Dreyer)</span></i></div>
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</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">"It
was critical that we open the airfield and get Wake Island back online
quickly,” said Col. Lee Anderson, 36th CRG commander. “The team from 353rd SOG
showed up with skilled operators ready to execute. It's always a pleasure to
work with the Quiet Professionals."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzecZiFp-bFTFT97vnr9xkn4oRVONtdPkBgQ3lN4NB4hreqhQJQ1c27qU00YMN8DSLfWpD9OGNXfu4HOXJHSbuCtviwL-v8IUYjC4sShO6hq0ZSwN3TmQhxAzyl9jY0E56Hr_Ue8fqz0-r/s1600/image004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzecZiFp-bFTFT97vnr9xkn4oRVONtdPkBgQ3lN4NB4hreqhQJQ1c27qU00YMN8DSLfWpD9OGNXfu4HOXJHSbuCtviwL-v8IUYjC4sShO6hq0ZSwN3TmQhxAzyl9jY0E56Hr_Ue8fqz0-r/s640/image004.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">A special tactics team
from the 320th Special Tactics Squadron unloads<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
equipment from an MC-130H Combat Talon II on Wake Island July 20, 2015.<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
After conducting military freefall operations onto the unmarked drop zone,<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
the operators were able to clear the runway and receive the first aircraft<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
within 20 minutes. Members from the 353rd Special Operations Group worked<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
with the 36th Contingency Response Group from Andersen Air Base, Guam, to<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
open Wake Island air field after Typhoon Halola passed through the island.<br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;" />
(U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Kristine Dreyer)</span></i></div>
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</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Wake
Island airfield, located in the Pacific Ocean between Japan and Hawaii, is ran
by the U.S. Air Force and is managed by the PACAF Regional Support Center at
Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska. In addition to being a strategic
location in the Pacific, Wake Island serves as a divert airfield for overseas
flights.</span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-91108982295056326712015-03-12T16:04:00.001-05:002015-03-12T16:04:49.903-05:00An Ancient Face Revealed<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">I don’t have any tattoos, or “skin
illustrations” as Ray Bradbury called them, but don’t have a real objection to
them on other folks if they are tasteful and well executed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I overheard a person say some time ago that the
kids didn’t tattoo themselves so much back in the “old days.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I guess that fellow had a different idea than
myself on what constituted the “old days.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Using ink to color human skin has been going on, across cultures, long
before history began to be written down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The "Ice Princess" of Siberia, is a perfect example.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Re-Blogged from:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/"><span style="color: #f2f2f2; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">SIBERIAN PRINCESS REVEALS HER 2,500 YEAR OLD
TATTOOS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">By The Siberian Times reporter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 7.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">14 August 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">The ancient mummy of a mysterious young woman,
known as the Ukok Princess, is finally returning home to the Altai Republic
this month.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">She is to be kept in a special mausoleum at
the Republican National Museum in capital Gorno-Altaisk, where eventually she
will be displayed in a glass sarcophagus to tourists. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVbMmlUta0ilRUiLG61jHRi3PmgcgnZvlvmlx5WV33Ckm0YX4DHvfHLxSjnSWx3DQXfU15PYQpsFZ0aFdIkwJdlSxOjX-g5-M7QBQ_aU006iGQZJbYu4kb7AQ8a4b9_xcqYP8NJwFgUv0D/s1600/inside%20three%20faces%20together.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVbMmlUta0ilRUiLG61jHRi3PmgcgnZvlvmlx5WV33Ckm0YX4DHvfHLxSjnSWx3DQXfU15PYQpsFZ0aFdIkwJdlSxOjX-g5-M7QBQ_aU006iGQZJbYu4kb7AQ8a4b9_xcqYP8NJwFgUv0D/s1600/inside%20three%20faces%20together.jpg" height="292" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A beauty from the past. The reconstructed face of the Ice Princess. <br />
From: <a href="http://siberiantimes.com/science/casestudy/features/f0055-is-this-the-face-of-an-ancient-amazon-female-warrior/">http://siberiantimes.com/science/casestudy/features/f0055-is-this-the-face-of-an-ancient-amazon-female-warrior/</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">For the past 19 years, since her discovery,
she was kept mainly at a scientific institute in Novosibirsk, apart from a
period in Moscow when her remains were treated by the same scientists who
preserve the body of Soviet founder Vladimir Lenin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">To mark the move 'home', The Siberian Times
has obtained intricate drawings of her remarkable tattoos, and those of two
men, possibly warriors, buried near her on the remote Ukok Plateau, now a
UNESCO world cultural and natural heritage site, some 2,500 metres up in the
Altai Mountains in a border region close to frontiers of Russia with Mongolia,
China and Kazakhstan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">They are all believed to be Pazyryk people - a
nomadic people described in the 5th century BC by the Greek historian Herodotus
- and the colourful body artwork is seen as the best preserved and most
elaborate ancient tattoos anywhere in the world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">To many observers, it is startling how similar
they are to modern-day tattoos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">The remains of the immaculately dressed
'princess', aged around 25 and preserved for several millennia in the Siberian
permafrost, a natural freezer, were discovered in 1993 by Novosibirsk scientist
Natalia Polosmak during an archeological expedition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Buried around her were six horses, saddled and
bridled, her spiritual escorts to the next world, and a symbol of her evident
status, perhaps more likely a revered folk tale narrator, a healer or a holy
woman than an ice princess.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">There, too, was a meal of sheep and horse meat
and ornaments made from felt, wood, bronze and gold. And a small container of
cannabis, say some accounts, along with a stone plate on which were the burned
seeds of coriander. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'Compared to all tattoos found by
archeologists around the world, those on the mummies of the Pazyryk people are
the most complicated, and the most beautiful,' said Dr Polosmak. More ancient
tattoos have been found, like the Ice Man found in the Alps - but he only had
lines, not the perfect and highly artistic images one can see on the bodies of
the Pazyryks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'It is a phenomenal level of tattoo art.
Incredible.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">While the tattoos, preserved in the
permafrost, have been known about since the remains were dug up, until now few
have seen the intricate reconstructions that we reveal here. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"></span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7nKO295M7tmPVTQ8UImLxyjrU-jz25XEPRY5l2-F32xErOiLbaZX7HF2GRi-VXSd77U27tq1Eytr3Q33__CBcezRZp5gUzyDWyM9uwO8G2FAIW_oqrxlGDQGwmV7BS-fsb8rXtxf-6TgL/s1600/man%20-2-mummy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7nKO295M7tmPVTQ8UImLxyjrU-jz25XEPRY5l2-F32xErOiLbaZX7HF2GRi-VXSd77U27tq1Eytr3Q33__CBcezRZp5gUzyDWyM9uwO8G2FAIW_oqrxlGDQGwmV7BS-fsb8rXtxf-6TgL/s1600/man%20-2-mummy.jpg" height="640" width="614" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From: <a href="http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/">http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ3924NS0bh2PLFHypKAhBOsn94aPDrV-U2c041uyx715JI0f8_XL7Ws3XxMQhhMdGJTDbEVfqTtEfqw4q6KB9J4ncsibHZB6byIfng0My1rYZDAQCzxAwJCFCIoUyvJ-UzHTPaCdVWr0I/s1600/man,%20shoulder%20tattoo%20close%20up.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ3924NS0bh2PLFHypKAhBOsn94aPDrV-U2c041uyx715JI0f8_XL7Ws3XxMQhhMdGJTDbEVfqTtEfqw4q6KB9J4ncsibHZB6byIfng0My1rYZDAQCzxAwJCFCIoUyvJ-UzHTPaCdVWr0I/s1600/man,%20shoulder%20tattoo%20close%20up.jpg" height="640" width="564" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From: <a href="http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/">http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'Tattoos were used as a mean of personal
identification - like a passport now, if you like. The Pazyryks also believed
the tattoos would be helpful in another life, making it easy for the people of
the same family and culture to find each other after death,' added Dr Polosmak.
'Pazyryks repeated the same images of animals in other types of art, which is
considered to be like a language of animal images, which represented their
thoughts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'The same can be said about the tattoos - it
was a language of animal imagery, used to express some thoughts and to define
one's position both in society, and in the world. The more tattoos were on the
body, the longer it meant the person lived, and the higher was his position.
For example the body of one man, which was found earlier in the 20th century,
had his entire body covered with tattoos. Our young woman - the princess - has
only her two arms tattooed. So they signified both age and status.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">The tattoos on the left shoulder of the
'princess' show a fantastical mythological animal: a deer with a griffon's beak
and a Capricorn's antlers. The antlers are decorated with the heads of
griffons. And the same griffon's head is shown on the back of the animal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">The mouth of a spotted panther with a long
tail is seen at the legs of a sheep. She also has a deer's head on her wrist,
with big antlers. There is a drawing on the animal's body on a thumb on her
left hand. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"></span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-g0JAA7oe94DjecOfXenLh_1WdSPYNI0J9DXI2aLVHzBZYJgPDtNUzRbzbyrAWiQiqGSmfevTGaKVztV4ryiubdHYITMtfC41NTCMhYZhD1kxsBPkpTLUN8ihib1qpcCtdsYGGuHprFAp/s1600/Princess%20Ukok,%20tattoos%20on%20her%20shoulder.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-g0JAA7oe94DjecOfXenLh_1WdSPYNI0J9DXI2aLVHzBZYJgPDtNUzRbzbyrAWiQiqGSmfevTGaKVztV4ryiubdHYITMtfC41NTCMhYZhD1kxsBPkpTLUN8ihib1qpcCtdsYGGuHprFAp/s1600/Princess%20Ukok,%20tattoos%20on%20her%20shoulder.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From: <a href="http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/">http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">On the man found close to the 'princess', the
tattoos include the same fantastical creature, this time covering the right
side of his body, across his right shoulder and stretching from his chest to
his back. The patterns mirror the tattoos on a much more elaborately covered
male body, dug from the ice in 1929, whose highly decorated torso is also
reconstructed in our drawing here. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">His chest, arms, part of the back and the
lower leg are covered with tattoos. There is an argali - a mountain sheep - along
with the same deer with griffon's vulture-like beak, with horns and the back of
its head which has a griffon's heads and an onager drawn on it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">All animals are shown with the lower parts of
their bodies turned inside out. There is also a winged snow leopard, a fish and
fast-running argali. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"></span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4_EPlxUrcXWtRUJZarS-D6X3SyqpCL1Woj46Rd1bcVEsQGSt5QfuDJe0ofXDVVlFrgdWfL9VtAsN4jguLxjB2QK5LbrtV6X8Z7mtQZ1vcfNXrRCUhZGOH-kKJ-D_bUXkg2yQNNJuGAxq4/s1600/information_items_411.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4_EPlxUrcXWtRUJZarS-D6X3SyqpCL1Woj46Rd1bcVEsQGSt5QfuDJe0ofXDVVlFrgdWfL9VtAsN4jguLxjB2QK5LbrtV6X8Z7mtQZ1vcfNXrRCUhZGOH-kKJ-D_bUXkg2yQNNJuGAxq4/s1600/information_items_411.jpg" height="403" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From: <a href="http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/">http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">To some, the clash depicted on the tattoes
between vultures and hoofed animals corresponds to the conflict between two
worlds: a predator from the lower, chthonian world against herbivorous animals
that symbolise the middle world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Dr Polosmak is intrigued at way so little has
changed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'We can say that most likely there was - and
is - one place on the body for everyone to start putting the tattoos on, and it
was a left shoulder. I can assume so because all the mummies we found with just
one tattoo had it on their left shoulders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'And nowadays this is the same place where
people try to put the tattoos on, thousands of years on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'I think its linked to the body composition...
as the left shoulder is the place where it is noticeable most, where it looks
the most beautiful. Nothing changes with years, the body stays the same, and
the person making a tattoo now is getting closer to his ancestors than he or
she may realise. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'I think we have not moved far from Pazyryks
in how the tattoos are made. It is still about a craving to make yourself as
beautiful as possible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'For example, about the British. A lot of them
go on holiday to Greece, and when I've been there I heard how Greeks were
smiling and saying that a British man's age can be easily understood by the
number of tattoos on his body. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'I'm talking the working class now. And I
noticed it, too. The older a person, the more tattoos are on his body.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">FINDING THE ICE-CLAD 'PRINCESS'</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'It was an international research programme,
devoted to the Pazyryk Iron Age culture,' said Academician Vyacheslav Molodin,
deputy director of Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian
Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">To modern man, the only way in is by
helicopter, yet in ancient times this was on the 'southern steppe road' used by
migrating nomadic peoples in the pre-Christian and Dark Ages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'The burial mound with the 'princess' seemed
to be half deserted, with big holes which border guards dug to use the stones.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'It seemed less than hopeful. But Natalya
Polosmak was determined that we had to start working on it..... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'To our utter surprise, there was an untouched
burial chamber inside the mould. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'We started working on opening the 'ice lense'
- the burial inside the mould was filled with ancient ice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'We started to melt the ice. First the
skeletons of six horses appeared, some with preserved wooden decorations on the
harness, some with coloured saddles made from felt. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'On one of the saddles was a picture of a
jumping winged lion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'Then the burial room appeared from under the
ice. It was made from larch logs. Inside stood a massive hollowed wooden log
with a top, shut with bronze nails. Inside the log was all filled with ice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'It was a tanned arm that appeared from under
the ice first. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'A bit more work and we saw remain of a young
woman, lying inside the log in a sleeping position, with her knees bent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'She was dressed in a long shirt made from
Chinese silk, and had long felt sleeve boots with a beautiful decoration on
them. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"></span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC7JKDjlc_nwJtBh8wl5DwixlEgSTQkNXK3-yd_TAraeWMkdnagY_f8jV6mpGm1Z2SjP9GtM0VTCpq9FVFi1aLtLkiP5_3qiVitf1mbKObLN6YDF181r2IYXcfM2lqfDr99XwxSJWK5Tfp/s1600/incess%20of%20Ukok%20mummy,%20with%20marked%20tattoo%20on%20her%20arm%20-%20credit%20Siberian%20Times,%20queries%20Will%20Stewart%20007%20985%20998%2094%2000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC7JKDjlc_nwJtBh8wl5DwixlEgSTQkNXK3-yd_TAraeWMkdnagY_f8jV6mpGm1Z2SjP9GtM0VTCpq9FVFi1aLtLkiP5_3qiVitf1mbKObLN6YDF181r2IYXcfM2lqfDr99XwxSJWK5Tfp/s1600/incess%20of%20Ukok%20mummy,%20with%20marked%20tattoo%20on%20her%20arm%20-%20credit%20Siberian%20Times,%20queries%20Will%20Stewart%20007%20985%20998%2094%2000.jpg" height="610" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From: <a href="http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/">http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'Chinese silk before was only found in 'Royal'
burials of the Pazyryk people - it was more expensive than gold, and was a sign
of a true wealth. 'There was jewellery and a mirror found by the log.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'The great value of Pazyryk burials is that
they were all made in permafrost, which helped the preservation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'It was quite unusual to have a single Pazyryk
burial. Usually men from this culture were buried with women. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'In this case, her separate burial might
signify her celibacy, which was typical for cult servants or shamans, and meant
her independence and exceptionality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'She had no weapons buried with her, or on
her, which means that she certainly was not one of the noble Pazyryk
women-warriors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'Most likely, she possessed some special
knowledge and was a healer, or folk tale narrator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'From the inside the mummy was filled with
herbs and roots. Her head was completely shaved, and she wore a horse hair wig.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'On top of the wig there was a symbol of the
tree of life - a stick made from felt, wrapped with black tissue and decorated
with small figures of birds in golden foil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'On the front of the wig, like a cockade, was
attached a wooden carving of deer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'The princess's face and neck skin was not
preserved, but the skin of her left arm survived, and we saw a tattoo, going
all along it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'She had tattoos on both arms, from shoulders
to wrists, with some on the fingers, too. The best preserved of all was a
tattoo on her left shoulder, featuring a deer with griffon's beak and a
Capricorn's horns. A bit below is a sheep, with a snow leopard by its feet.' <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">It is said tattoos, once done, are for life.
In this case, though, it was a whole lot longer. The experts say they were made
with paint, partially concocted from the burned bits of plants, their soot or
ashes which contained a high level of potassium. The drawings were pierced with
a needle, and rubbed with a mixture of soot and fat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSVirkBXcD1CURSva_nx1IgL2DzqMT-WpGxc62TWiB7tMrX3h1dDD17EaxwFY_esZm1z2BfarFfjbSnaNu6NMAuuXMdgmdtpjGbAc89CKaLstJ-osgzlmyOQvSPmMHWvb64_PEZoVHNYff/s1600/altai%20gv.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSVirkBXcD1CURSva_nx1IgL2DzqMT-WpGxc62TWiB7tMrX3h1dDD17EaxwFY_esZm1z2BfarFfjbSnaNu6NMAuuXMdgmdtpjGbAc89CKaLstJ-osgzlmyOQvSPmMHWvb64_PEZoVHNYff/s1600/altai%20gv.jpg" height="392" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Site of the Ice Princess's grave in Siberia. <br />
From: <a href="http://siberiantimes.com/science/casestudy/features/f0055-is-this-the-face-of-an-ancient-amazon-female-warrior/">http://siberiantimes.com/science/casestudy/features/f0055-is-this-the-face-of-an-ancient-amazon-female-warrior/</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><br />
<b>WHAT RESEARCH ON HER BODY SHOWS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">The experts say she died in her 20s, with the
best guess at 25 to 28, and that this was 2,500 or more years ago, making her,
for example, some five centuries older than Jesus Christ, and several hundred
years the senior of Alexander the Great. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'She was called 'Princess' by the media. We
just call her 'Devochka', meaning 'Girl'. She was 25-28 years old when she
died,' said Irina Salnikova, head of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of
Sciences Museum of Archeology and Ethnography. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'The reason for her death is unknown, because
all her internal organs were removed before the mummifying. All we see is that
there is no visible damage to her skull, or anything pointing to the unnatural
character of her death. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'Her body is curled, so we can’t say for sure
how tall she was. Some estimate her to be 1.62 metres, others say she could
have been as tall as 1.68 metres. We could not establish when the young woman
has had her tattoos made, at what age. The horses, found by her burial, were
most likely first killed, and then buried with her.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">In 2010 an MRI scan was conducted on the
mummy, the first time this had been done on ancient remains in Russia. The
final results of exhaustive analytical work has still not been released. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">But Andrei Letyagin, chairman of the MRI
Center of the Siberian department of the Russian Academy of Sciences, said:
'The cause of death remains unknown. I don't believe that it will be possible
to find an answer to this question because there's no brain and no internal
organs in the body.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">In all probability she did not die from
injury. 'Her skull is fully preserved, and so are the bones,' he confirmed. DNA
obtained from her remains is intriguing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">The Princess of Ukok is not related to any of
the Asian races, the scientists are convinced. She is not related, evidently,
to the present day inhabitants of Altai. Moreover, she had a European
appearance, it has been claimed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'There was a moment of gross misunderstanding
when a legend came about this mummy being a foremother of people of Altai,'
said Molodin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'The people of Pazyryk belonged to different ethnic
group, in no way related to Altaians. Genetic studies showed that the Pazyryks
were a part of Samoyedic family, with elements of Iranian-Caucasian
substratum.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">So perhaps more Samoyedic than Scythian. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 12pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'We tried to overcome the misunderstanding,
but sadly it didn't work.' <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">OBJECTIONS</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Many locals in Altai were nervous from the
start about the removal of remains from sacred burial mounds, known as kurgans,
regardless of the value to science of doing such work. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">In a land where the sway of shamans still
holds, they believe the princess's removal led immediately to bad consequences.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'There are places here that it is considered a
great sin to visit, even for our holy men. The energy and the spirits there are
too dangerous,' warned one local. 'Every kurgan has its own spirit - there is
both good and bad in them - and people here have suffered much misfortune since
the Ice Princess was disturbed.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">It is nothing short of sacrilege to pour hot
water on the remains of ancients who have survived in the permafrost for
thousands of years, he said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">The 'curse of the mummy' even caused a crash
of the helicopter carrying her remains away from Altai, some believe. Then in
Novosibirsk, her body, preserved so well for so long, started to decompose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Stories circulated that the princess had been
stored in a freezer used to preserve cheese. Fungi began growing on the
preserved flesh, it was claimed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Whatever the truth, the scientists sought
emergency help from the world-renowned Lenin embalming experts who worked on
her remains for a year. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Back in Altai, many ills have been blamed on
her removal: forest fires, high winds, illness, suicides and an upsurge in
earthquakes in the Altai region. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Local woman, Olga Kurtugashova, said: 'She may
be a mummy but her soul survives, and they say a shaman communicated with her
and she asked to go home. That's what the people want, too.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 12pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'Our ancestors are buried in these mounds,'
insisted Rimma Erkinova, deputy director of the Gorno-Altaisk Republican
National Museum as a war of words raged over the last decade. 'There are sacred
items there. The Altai people never disturb the repose of their ancestors. We
shouldn't have any more excavations until we've worked out a proper moral and
ethical approach.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">THE CAMPAIGN FOR HER RETURN TO ALTAI</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'She was a beautiful young woman, whom they
dug up, poured hot water and chemicals upon, and subjected to other
experiments. They did this to a real person,' complained Erkinova to the Irish
Times newspaper in in 2004. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">The same year, an Altai regional chief
insisted: 'We must calm people and bury the Altai Princess. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'We're having earth tremors two or three times
a week. People think this will go on as long as the princess's spirit is not
allowed to rest in peace.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Many wanted the princess to be returned from
the Archaeological and Ethnographic Institute of Novosibirsk, some 600 km away,
and restored to her original burial site. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">After some 300 earth tremors in a six month
period, the head of Kosh-Agachsky district Auelkhan Dzhatkambaev,appealed to
the Siberian Federal District presidential envoy Leonid Drachevsky for this to
happen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Drachevsky travelled to Kosh-Agach and told
residents that the mummies would not be returned, saying they were serving
important scientific purposes, and that he was 'simply uncomfortable hearing
about angry spirits, as if we were living in the Middle Ages'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Erkinova's plan was different. 'We shall put
the princess in a glass sarcophagus, so everybody can come and bow before her,'
she said. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'This is a very painful issue. Altai's native
people worry about their forbear. The Princess must return to us.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">People were angry, too, that the mummies were
taken on a tour to Korea and Japan with one report saying the princess 'was met
like a diva, with vast crowds, admirers on their knees and bouquets of red
roses'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Eventually a compromise was reached, though
delays and arguments followed. Finally this culminates in this month's return
of the princess not to her burial place but to the Altai museum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'We agreed to give back the princess once the
conditions for looking after it were right. That means proper accommodation
with an air conditioner and a special sarcophagus,' said Molodin as long ago as
1997.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">'Another condition was that this was our
intellectual property and that we would have the right to use it for
exhibitions and to study it. We're not doing this out of curiosity but in the
interests of science. The soul is somewhere else and we're studying the
remains. So I don't see a violation of any accepted social rule here.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 12pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Finally, all now agree the princess is coming
home. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">BANNING MORE ARCHEOLOGICAL DIGS</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">The Altai authorities have now declared the
remote mountain area from where the princess and her kinsmen were buried as a
'zone of peace' where no more excavations will take place, despite the
near-certain treasures lying in the permafrost. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Such work amounts to plundering, they believe.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">To Molodin, who found the male mummy several
years after the princess, this deprives the world of a valuable scientific
inheritance. He argues, too, that the issue is critical since global warming
means the ancient bodies will decay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">Scientists reckon there are thousands of
burial mounds here, hundreds of which date to the Pazyryk period, many of which
may contain answers to questions about where we come from.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.25pt 0in 5.25pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #f2f2f2; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;">More information about the facial
reconstruction and the other artifacts found in the burial can be found
here:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #f2f2f2; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #F2F2F2; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 242;"><a href="http://siberiantimes.com/science/casestudy/features/f0055-is-this-the-face-of-an-ancient-amazon-female-warrior/">http://siberiantimes.com/science/casestudy/features/f0055-is-this-the-face-of-an-ancient-amazon-female-warrior/</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-21481167464384411392014-11-11T19:33:00.000-06:002014-11-11T19:33:15.631-06:00A Most Unlucky Sword<span style="font-size: large;">A very unique weapon came up for auction recently, one that holds a personal interest for me. It did not meet its reserve and thus did not sell. I'm happy for that, as there is now more chance that it will be purchased by a museum, where it can be seen by all. I believe much of the "history" of this sword as provided by the auction house is speculation or was simply fabricated. A good story will sell even a wonderful artifact for even more. I'll let you read the story as presented in a UK Daily Mail article for your self before I offer my comments at the end of the blog.</span><br />
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">An unlucky sword used by the losers of the Battles of Stamford Bridge, Hastings, Bannockburn and Boroughbridge over a period of 250 years is expected to reach £120,000 at auction.</span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">It is believed that the 11th century broadsword was originally carried to Britain by Viking raiders when it was captured, only to be lost a few weeks later at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. </span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">In 1314, the sword was carried to Scotland at the Battle of Bannockburn, where the owner was forced to retreat having witnessed his nephew axed to death. </span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">However, the cursed sword's bad luck continued at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322, when the unfortunate owner was speared in the anus and killed. Now, the weapon is going to be auctioned by Christie's auction house in London. </span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">The 27-inch 11th century Viking blade features an iron cross-guard. The sword has the coat of arms of Sir Humphrey de Bohun, whose nephew Henry was killed Bannockburn by Robert the Bruce.</span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">According to Christie's the sword was captured three weeks before the Battle of Hastings after King Harold, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England defeated the Norwegian raider King Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire. </span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">The doomed sword was used at Hastings where King Harold was defeated by William the Conqueror. </span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Experts believe that the sword was picked up from the battlefield by Humphrey De Bohun, who was the victorious king's god father.</span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">The blade was remounted with the De Bohan coat of arms, where Sir Humphrey De Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Essex carried it north to Scotland. He was killed eight years later at the Battle of Boroughbridge where a patient pikeman speared him in the anus. </span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Christie’s spokeswoman Dernagh O’Leary said today: 'Whilst it cannot be proved, it is not at all inconceivable that the blade of the present sword was captured or taken as a trophy by de Bohun at Hastings and was later remounted to become a family sword.</span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">'The present sword, whilst not being a war sword, would have served as a clear badge of identity with its gold and enamelled coat of arms on the pommel and eminently more practical as a side arm around camp when not mounted and armed for battle. It is therefore entirely possible that this sword was present at Bannockburn in June 1314 if not actually on the field of battle.</span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">'Sir Humphrey went to meet with a particularly gruesome end at the battle of Boroughbridge in Yorkshire in March 1322. </span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">'For the last 50 years, the sword has been in the hands of two private collectors, firstly with the Australian-based Corrigan Collection, and latterly with the present, anonymous, vendor.'</span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Sir Humphrey's unfortunate demise was later celebrated by the children's TV show Horrible Histories. </span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">A Christie’s expert said: 'The whereabouts of the sword prior to Corrigan’s ownership is not known, but the mention of a family sword bearing the de Bohun arms in Sir Humphrey’s will and the use of a mid-11th century Viking blade makes for an interesting train of thought potentially linking significant events of British history from the Vikings, Hastings and Bannockburn through this object.</span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">'A series of x-rays which accompany the sword support the age of the items and show no modern repairs.”</span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">The sword blade is described as 'an extremely rare late medieval broadsword, with earlier Viking blade, and bearing the arms of the De Bohun family'. </span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Celia Harvey, Christie’s Head of Sale, said: 'We are delighted to be offering this extremely rare sword during the year in which the Battle of Bannockburn celebrates its 700th birthday.</span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">'We imagine that the sword will be of broad interest to collectors of historical artefacts or arms and armours as well as to museums and institutions.</span></b></i></div>
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<i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">'The sword will be on display for a month at our South Kensington saleroom which will allow it the publicity and exposure it deserves.'</span></b></i></div>
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THE UNLUCKIEST SWORD IN ENGLISH HISTORY AND ITS FOUR BATTLES</h3>
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The Viking sword arrived in September 1066, where it was captured at the Battle of Stamford Bridge</div>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;">Battle of Stamford Bridge September 1066 </span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;"> I</span>n September 1066 King Harald of Norway landed in Yorkshire, with Earl Tostig, the brother of the reigning English monarch King Harold. Harold marched north to challenge the Vikings who had already captured York and were threatening his throne. </div>
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After freeing York, Harold confronted the Viking invaders at Stamford Bridge where the sword was picked up from the battle field by forces loyal to the English king, who returned south to face the threat posed by the Normans </div>
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One of King Harold's men carried the sword south where it was again on the losing side at Hastings </div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;"> Battle of Hastings, October 14, 1066</span></h2>
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Just three weeks after the Battle of Stamford Bridge, King Harold was again facing a major challenge to his throne. This time, William the Conqueror, who had been promised the English throne by Edward the Confessor landed on the South Coast. </div>
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William delayed his invasion until after Harold fought the Vikings at Stamford Bridge so his adversary's forces would be weakened. </div>
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The battle took place on October 14, 1066 when William's cavalry charged the defending English troops. </div>
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Historians believe the English defenders had an effective shield wall and were able to repel the initial charges until King Harold was killed in battle, reputedly by an arrow in the eye. </div>
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Sir Humphrey de Bohun witnessed his nephew killed by Robert the Bruce before fleeing with the sword</div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Battle of Bannockburn, June 1314</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;"> T</span>he two-day battle between June 23-24 1314 is one of the major points in Scottish history. </div>
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Outnumbered by three-to-one, the Scottish army under Robert the Bruce, routed the forces of Edward II. </div>
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Among those at the battle was Sir Humphrey de Bohun, who was carrying the sword, his ancestor Humphrey de Bohan had picked up from the battle field in Hastings 200 years earlier.</div>
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He witnessed his nephew Henry de Bohun charge Robert the Bruce across the battlefield where the Scottish king struck the English knight in the head. </div>
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Sir Humphrey fled the scene and was captured - along with his sword. </div>
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Sir Humphrey de Bohan was killed at Boroughbridge </div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Battle of Boroughbridge March 16, 1322</span></h2>
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Eight years after escaping with his life at Bannockburn, Sir Humphrey de Bohan was marching against troops loyal to Edward II. </div>
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Sir Humphrey tried to charge forces guarding a wooden bridge in Boroughbridge in Yorkshire, with his unlucky sword.</div>
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As he reached the bridge, a man using a pike, stabbed Sir Humphrey from below, reportedly ramming the weapon through his anus. </div>
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Sir Humphrey was fighting for the Earl of Lancaster, who was contesting the English throne. </div>
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Following his defeat, the Earl of Lancaster was captured and later executed for treason. </div>
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Historians believe that Edward II's men had learned several of the tactics deployed by the Scottish at Bannockburn to defeat his rivals. </div>
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This article was reblogged from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689177/Is-England-s-unluckiest-sword-Viking-broadsword-losing-four-history-s-greatest-battles-just-120-000.html</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">I believe that this sword was used by a member of the de Bohun family, as evidenced by the family arms engraved on the pommel. The pommel and cross guard of the sword also point to the time frame of Sir Humphrey de Bohun. However the shape of the blade may indicate that it was most likely made long after Stamford Bridge and Hastings. The claim that the blade is of "Viking" heritage is spurious at best. I think we can disregard the early history of the sword, as the sword itself disputes it and there is nothing else to verify that aspect of the tale. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">With a 27 inch blade, the sword is rather short for the era, but within the realm of swords of this type. It is an arming sword, a one handed sword that was for everyday wear. Sir Humphrey would have owned many swords and may have had a much larger, "Sword of War" that he also took into combat. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">But the fact remains that this sword may have been at Bonockburn and Boroughbridge. Sir Humphrey met with disaster at Bonockburn and and lost his life at Boroughbridge. That alone would make this sword quite unlucky. It also gives the sword a remarkable provenance that few others can match. And why does it have a personal connection for me? Sir Humphrey de Bohn, the 4th Earl of Hereford was my 19th Great Grandfather!</span></div>
M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-65945553508979265652014-10-26T12:25:00.003-05:002014-10-26T12:26:39.374-05:00We Few, We Happy Few, We Band of Brothers<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">599 years ago today, the English Army under Henry V inflicted one of the greatest defeats against the French in history. A starving, rag-tag group of Englishmen who had been on the run for over two week, clashed with the French near the little village of Agincourt. The over confident French were rested well fed and three times their number. At the end of the fighting the flower of French nobility lay dead in a muddy wheat field. 8,500 Frenchmen lay dead, more than 2,000 more than were in the entire English Army. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">A short excerpt from Chapter 24 of my young reader's novel, "The Archer's Son" in honor of the victory at Agincourt.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">"<i>Keep your heads, lads, and nock a bodkin," William called out. "There is Lord Erpingham. Now we will provoke the French into moving." The old knight strode quickly out in the field in front of the line where all could see him. He tossed a baton high in the air to draw the attention of all the archers.</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">"Now strike!" The old knight bellowed at the top of his lungs.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">In unison, five thousand archers muscled bow cords to their ears and launched arrows high in the air toward the French lines. It was a long shot, so the high-arching arrows took several seconds to ascend before they started their deadly fall to earth. Hedyn could see a faint shadow that drifted across the wheat field created by the mass of five thousand feathered missiles. Like a great flock of starlings, he thought. </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">Before the first arrows began to thud into men and horses and to clang against armor, the archers were sending more arrows on their way, each man shooting at his own pace. Within a minute, 60,000 arrows were in the air or scattered across the battlefield. Some in dirt, some in men.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">The arrow storm had its intended effect. Trumpets sounded, drums thumped, and the French line finally came to life. </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">"We are in for it now, lads," William said to no one in particular. </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">Mounted knights appeared on each side of the French formation, as the main line of armored men on foot began to move forward. The heavy armor and thick mud made them seem slow and clumsy. </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">"Put your arrows on the cavalry, lads. They will try to break our archers on the flanks," the ventenar instructed. "Help our mates on the flanks. Broadheads into horse flesh. If a horse goes down, the knight will go too." Hedyn hated to see the horses killed, but he knew that the highly trained animals were as much a weapon as the lances and swords that each of the knights pointed at his comrades.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">From where he stood near the center of the line, Hedyn watched in awe as the French cavalry thundered toward the English flanks on either side of him. The air behind each of the big coursers filled with clods as pounding hoofs splattered the black mud. </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">The archers did not falter behind their wooden stakes but poured the bodkins and broadhead arrows into the mass of horses and men. Some began to fall as arrows found chinks in armor or were embedded in screaming horses. Some slowed and galloped back as it became too perilous near the archers and their stakes. A few stalwarts made it to the line of bowmen and discovered that the horses slowed or stopped, refusing to gallop into the protective barricade of stakes. These men were pulled from their mounts and killed by swarms of angry archers. </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">One man, a great nobleman in the finest armor, tumbled from his horse headlong as the animal impaled itself on a stake. Even from where Hedyn stood, the splash of red blood stood out on the bleak, muddy field. The man never had a chance to rise from his fall, killed where he lay.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">"I knew these stakes were a good scheme the minute King Henry had us cut 'em back in Corbie!" Denzel said, almost as confidently as if he had devised the idea himself. The men rolled their eyes and laughed at him. He smiled sheepishly.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">Panicked war-horses, some rider-less, crashed back through the oncoming French line, sending men-at-arms tumbling and scattering to make way. The line slowed, but regrouped and slogged on through the mud.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">The French line began to change. It became bunched and irregular. The French knights instinctively crowded to the center to avoid the deadly arrows streaming from the English flanks. The archers stood behind their stakes and shot as fast as arrows could be nocked. The visibility of King Henry's banners at the center of the line reinforced this movement toward the center. The French knights were not disciplined enough to remain where the battle plan required. The line slowly transformed into a blunt wedge, which only presented more targets to the busy archers. </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: large;">"Shoot, shoot! Pour it on, lads! Pour it on!" William screamed in a voice that Hedyn had never heard before. It seemed a mixture of terror, excitement, and merriment, almost like the voice of a boy involved in some risky prank. The arrows at the men's feet were long gone, and now each man shot the arrows in the extra bundles that Hedyn delivered before the fight. One hundred and twenty thousand arrows were gone, and still the French came."</span></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">An English Archer as he might have looked just prior <br />to the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, lucida grande, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 19px;">William Shakespeare immortalized the great victory at Agincourt in his play, "Henry V." Shakespeare's version of King Henry's speech before the battle has become one of his most famous scenes. In my opinion, the version delivered by Kenneth Branagh in a movie by the same name in 1989, is the most moving. You can see the speech here on Youtube: </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-yZNMWFqvM</span></div>
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-88571784656605841662014-10-02T14:41:00.000-05:002014-10-02T14:41:00.771-05:00Recreating Daniel King's Little Howitzer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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During the fall of 2012, I began a project to reproduce a King's Howitzer, a small cannon used in the late 18th century. I had just sold my full scale 3 pounder gun and limber which I had built in 1999. That gun and limber were heavy, about 1500 lbs, and took a big crew to serve is safely. <br />
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"Miss Rachel" as we called her was gone, but I wanted something smaller, and authentic, that I could use for upcoming War of 1812 Bicentennial events. A King's Howitzer fit that bill.<br />
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In 1790, General "Mad" Anthony Wayne was looking for a small, highly portable field piece that he could use against the Native Americans on the frontier. He provided some very basic specifications including caliber (2.85 inches) and overall weight and sent them off to Daniel King of Philadelphia. The gun was to be a howitzer (meaning there was to be a powder chamber in the breech smaller in diameter than the bore.) It was to be conveyed in pack saddles, not towed, and was to have a total weight of no more than 250 pounds. King was able to provide such a gun and General Wayne was pleased with results. However, it was soon discovered the little cannon could not take its own recoil and damaged itself upon firing. The solution was to make the bronze barrel beefier in the breech and trunnions, increasing its weight from 38 to 60 pounds.<br />
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The little guns were designed to fire exploding shells and grapeshot with a four ounce powder charge. <br />
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A battery of the King's Howitzers opened the Battle of Falling Timbers and continued to serve at various frontier outposts through the War of 1812. Most had been retired from service at the end of that conflict. For a complete history of the King's Howitzer, go to this link: <a href="http://gunneyg.info/html/KHp1.htm">http://gunneyg.info/html/KHp1.htm</a><br />
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Although several of the bronze barrels have survived, the same cannot be said for the carriages. Some hints are provided in correspondence of the time, but much speculation must be used in reproducing the carriages. Most scholars believe they were scaled down versions of the British 5.5 howitzer, and that is where I started in designing my King's Howitzer carriage.<br />
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My bronze barrel, or "tube" as they are termed in artillery circles, was cast by Bob Gilmor in Ohio. It has true 2.85 inch bore with a 1.3 inch chamber. I purchased the wheels from shop, also in Ohio, that specializes in 19th century style wagon wheels. One of the period references stated the carriages used "cart wheels." These wheels fit that description and help keep the cannon under its 250 pound target weight. I got the raw lumber from a local saw mill and dried, planed, cut and mortised it myself based on my reconstructed carriage design.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">I had gotten to this point before it occurred to me to start photo documenting the construction process. I have already cut the cheeks and mortised them for the transoms (cross pieces) and fitted the axle tree. The steel axle is actually a 1 inch pipe that fits the one inch hub on the wheels. Here you see the bronze tube and the iron work I had made by a local blacksmith. These pieces had to be 1/4 inch or thicker to handle the recoil of the gun. </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Here you can see the cheek iron and axle brackets fitted to the wood, The bolts are in, but the nails holes and nails are not yet made. The drag hooks were also made by the blacksmith to my specifications.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCNmTTzhl269487g0snJ5sGGwylKZIXTx1RTIlRGRF6SOkerj8zPwQaL1Fm2yxt9bsd7Ie2-5PWgKEHwGK_SW-k-xx4yC6I-m59fSwLzu1nlL0S47uYpYXouoroC2XNgu4aZWKqOONU4ce/s1600/IMG_0746.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCNmTTzhl269487g0snJ5sGGwylKZIXTx1RTIlRGRF6SOkerj8zPwQaL1Fm2yxt9bsd7Ie2-5PWgKEHwGK_SW-k-xx4yC6I-m59fSwLzu1nlL0S47uYpYXouoroC2XNgu4aZWKqOONU4ce/s1600/IMG_0746.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">H<span style="font-size: small;">ere is the same stage from the rear. You can see that the cheek iron is still loose. The rear drag hooks are fitted and in place.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2ECROCH_lX_ZowGn3OaWZ_vP6dAxE93aPAD-1Gtrm6qtyKsK_opUUuFL13umDiYaJIHLezj6D9i24ZWFz0NhluIjCPP6Fc9ZkQu3WonBxDqWiH6aB2TpV7_zcQqtuoGspDJdiToEflmH_/s1600/IMG_0762.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2ECROCH_lX_ZowGn3OaWZ_vP6dAxE93aPAD-1Gtrm6qtyKsK_opUUuFL13umDiYaJIHLezj6D9i24ZWFz0NhluIjCPP6Fc9ZkQu3WonBxDqWiH6aB2TpV7_zcQqtuoGspDJdiToEflmH_/s1600/IMG_0762.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The trail irons are all made from soft 1/8 inch thick steel. I made these by carefully measuring and cold bending the steel in a vice and then hammering to get the clean square bends were needed.</span> <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc6B9Pxtxhj8xyng94HVWXeWh3P7UXIGc6lX2S8HELgkjounyyxSN4_MEwiyHpxO6Yl9PbbBuU15qc15VwWNYaBSWlZJRgSJM5AuIx2vw21txC_AHIBoKb4zwl_90OQfVyi1KKOollYR-3/s1600/IMG_0906.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc6B9Pxtxhj8xyng94HVWXeWh3P7UXIGc6lX2S8HELgkjounyyxSN4_MEwiyHpxO6Yl9PbbBuU15qc15VwWNYaBSWlZJRgSJM5AuIx2vw21txC_AHIBoKb4zwl_90OQfVyi1KKOollYR-3/s1600/IMG_0906.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Next was the reinforcing band. This was also made by cold bending and hammering the steel. The drag ring is simply a eyelet and ring purchased from Lowe's. I used square nuts and square lag bolts for all the hardware as hex nuts are a much later invention.</span> </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu6oppGJkLsF22vFOrwULex8_eK3y-s2buIYmcLTqbzhKwUF3iAqnMS0aIclAGsTFeGtTX3Hx3viPquhL8XA2GoQdYTpi5yQSYPe0ahm89Zzx7yN1tPBtTv7tZdSdgawob3rUkAT8Ddjf3/s1600/IMG_0770.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu6oppGJkLsF22vFOrwULex8_eK3y-s2buIYmcLTqbzhKwUF3iAqnMS0aIclAGsTFeGtTX3Hx3viPquhL8XA2GoQdYTpi5yQSYPe0ahm89Zzx7yN1tPBtTv7tZdSdgawob3rUkAT8Ddjf3/s1600/IMG_0770.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">A view from the front with the tube in place. I've not yet fitted the cap squares at this point. Those are the half round brackets that go over the trunnions on the side of the tube.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPS7IgqUC7yqFl0rvLFebHpLpgF1S7NuheO0flJh_Jn8K6hWDZU1UdKTebFIb3CH3noPgOIHPIDQYwrt_6r02K7m12FVir7uYUTj-pzqtuDrvXVN7lOWqxUJlt6gGqD7LnBmH0PK9slaMB/s1600/IMG_0897.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPS7IgqUC7yqFl0rvLFebHpLpgF1S7NuheO0flJh_Jn8K6hWDZU1UdKTebFIb3CH3noPgOIHPIDQYwrt_6r02K7m12FVir7uYUTj-pzqtuDrvXVN7lOWqxUJlt6gGqD7LnBmH0PK9slaMB/s1600/IMG_0897.jpg" height="640" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">This is the quoin bed, pronounced "coin" bed. This is a level bed under the breech of the tube where the quoin, sometimes called a wedge is used to adjust the elevation of the tube. You can see the groove in the quoin the matches the wood of the bed. This keeps the quoin from hopping around when the gun is fired.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglVy5deX9e7JXgj2YfxtNoJ2jqveuZlFWzuWPTIiJhgoGxBCTgZS2oXSch2sHKRKNWffc4sQinVsciu_vMRpsF9q1wyawLQ9eKnGxCEvohwfpFdXTOznz5gA3lMos7YHzg55V8tMkMTzMq/s1600/IMG_0768.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglVy5deX9e7JXgj2YfxtNoJ2jqveuZlFWzuWPTIiJhgoGxBCTgZS2oXSch2sHKRKNWffc4sQinVsciu_vMRpsF9q1wyawLQ9eKnGxCEvohwfpFdXTOznz5gA3lMos7YHzg55V8tMkMTzMq/s1600/IMG_0768.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">I experiment with several types of axle pins. This did NOT work as it jambed and was hard to remove. The end of the hollow axle will be filled before painting to give the appearance that it is solid iron.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgStnf8SGrt-R4JAAORtXy1yTnJUi81j1wU4xLrMsk0eELpOveStqWNVREfqO_1-PwmLC4egHvU0BEbzQZexb2NHkkIvSPWo_t6C_qtdobidUdr1MF7gqrOz1BsLc58TTF9_oSBrD6GXLu0/s1600/IMG_0907.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgStnf8SGrt-R4JAAORtXy1yTnJUi81j1wU4xLrMsk0eELpOveStqWNVREfqO_1-PwmLC4egHvU0BEbzQZexb2NHkkIvSPWo_t6C_qtdobidUdr1MF7gqrOz1BsLc58TTF9_oSBrD6GXLu0/s1600/IMG_0907.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Here is the completed gun minus paint. Every thing is fitted except the rear bolt hole on the cap squares. The flower type device on the side is simply a big decorative washer that I cut from sheet steel. It reinforces the quoin transom bolt.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1NEFOXCfe2rmVDjzAzsOlpS61cRmQF91kg_Nd1a4uSBb4dY39ttet4UjzZWvu9uYHVOU2zquyaofEVaxO8oM2mytwQJQlhG5fZvmVXSIEcCSHPQQcHK8OnQXxKwMvdl-cJZ3Cn9Wmtgmh/s1600/IMG_0918.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1NEFOXCfe2rmVDjzAzsOlpS61cRmQF91kg_Nd1a4uSBb4dY39ttet4UjzZWvu9uYHVOU2zquyaofEVaxO8oM2mytwQJQlhG5fZvmVXSIEcCSHPQQcHK8OnQXxKwMvdl-cJZ3Cn9Wmtgmh/s1600/IMG_0918.jpg" height="420" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">All the parts are fitted, so I took it all apart to paint it. I painted each piece separately and then reassembled to touch it up.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8q_BStZjN6b34pqp6OaC19l474U-Sm50eEQ10IRGs_gLB64fFek9RhG3tL_3z-69d-UcD2wQis3fISnOr5xWMt_eyBXdleMSyxca06MJukCLUbn4OmplqkuLCJVB368-kP5amaZ3NWXwk/s1600/IMG_0917.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8q_BStZjN6b34pqp6OaC19l474U-Sm50eEQ10IRGs_gLB64fFek9RhG3tL_3z-69d-UcD2wQis3fISnOr5xWMt_eyBXdleMSyxca06MJukCLUbn4OmplqkuLCJVB368-kP5amaZ3NWXwk/s1600/IMG_0917.jpg" height="640" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">All of the iron work, ready for paint.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQCvJI0rAuco1esPLrUWOLmXYrPZRNCHRqX-O6g_O54kGK-IR5IIqFB86x02dZtbwGz0n2gNBPyoXgFKusZA9r9mmr-1E_ULtkDwmFbUcYoG_F3Oo0UxSis0vwW-A0CkkxpjB67h6t55Z/s1600/IMG_0929.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQCvJI0rAuco1esPLrUWOLmXYrPZRNCHRqX-O6g_O54kGK-IR5IIqFB86x02dZtbwGz0n2gNBPyoXgFKusZA9r9mmr-1E_ULtkDwmFbUcYoG_F3Oo0UxSis0vwW-A0CkkxpjB67h6t55Z/s1600/IMG_0929.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Here are the cheeks and iron work when I reassembled. I used oil based paints. We know that King's Howitzer were blue as was most American artillery at the time, because General Wayne specifically ordered "Prussian blue" for carriages.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The finished product! Painted and back together. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">You can see close up pictures of the finished gun at this link: </span><br />
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<a href="http://smg.photobucket.com/user/threepdr/library/Reproduction%20Kings%20Howitzer"><span style="font-size: small;">http://smg.photobucket.com/user/threepdr/library/Reproduction%20Kings%20Howitzer</span></a></td></tr>
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The first shots from the King's Howitzer!<br />
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<br />M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-5815935510100635742014-08-12T15:02:00.001-05:002014-08-12T15:02:53.733-05:00I've Been Away Too Long!If you have been following this blog you know that it has been sometime since I posted. I've been very preoccupied with putting the final touches to my new young reader's novel, seeing it into print and starting marketing process. I've found that final step to be the most tedious and time consuming of the entire process! <br />
<br />
Over 42,000 people have visited this blog as of August 2014. I'm humbled and gratified for that and I thank everyone who has visited here. This blog will stay in place, but new blog posts, when I have time to write them, will be on my new author's website which you can find at <a href="http://www.mehubbs.com/">www.mehubbs.com</a>.<br />
<br />
I encourage you to check my blog there from time to time, or sign up for website updates to let you know that something new has been posted. I'm currently writing a sequel to my first book and it has already taken more of my time than I expected.<br />
<br />
My latest book was release in July 2014. <a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Archers-Son-M-Hubbs-ebook/dp/B00LNSETMI/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top" target="_blank">The Archer's Son</a> is getting great reviews and stayed #1 for a month in Amazon's Hot New Releases for Kid's Medieval Fiction. You can read reviews or purchased at this <a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Archers-Son-M-Hubbs-ebook/dp/B00LNSETMI/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top" target="_blank">LINK</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/SECRET-WATTENSAW-BAYOU-M-Hubbs-ebook/dp/B00D0HRKLC/ref=la_B00CLKCK82_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1407873490&sr=1-1" target="_blank">The Secret of Wattensaw Bayou</a> is also on Amazon and is also available at most Books a Million stores.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm_qTVVxULnlqppvwYCe5bw8XwoVAtYktq8E6JgRYpa9HcucvbiucbwCK9IJLEjBzoR4Uqiwrxk0IQnej70_Q3UAu_pw9clsg-7HuhkPrWtzYF6OOusE8-NZz7JydH7QbJ-0f0aVLfWiB_/s1600/TAScover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm_qTVVxULnlqppvwYCe5bw8XwoVAtYktq8E6JgRYpa9HcucvbiucbwCK9IJLEjBzoR4Uqiwrxk0IQnej70_Q3UAu_pw9clsg-7HuhkPrWtzYF6OOusE8-NZz7JydH7QbJ-0f0aVLfWiB_/s1600/TAScover.jpg" height="640" width="428" /></a></div>
M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-48038234475256219122014-05-22T15:19:00.002-05:002014-05-22T20:27:08.442-05:001,000 Year Old Saxon Skull Shows Six Sword WoundsThis set of remains may be the only "survivor" from the battle of Hastings, 1066. <span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Re-blogged from
the Daily Mail UK.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Does this skull
belong to a soldier of the Battle of Hastings? 1,000-year-old remains found
near famous battlefield reveal man was hacked six times in the head from behind</span></span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">By <span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">Sarah Griffiths</span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Published: 08:38
EST, 22 May 2014 | Updated: 11:15 EST, 22 May 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The famous battle took place nearly 1,000 years ago, but the badly scarred
skull of a man could be the first-ever recorded victim of the Battle of
Hastings.</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZf85xE7h_GNWfFB7ygAyopvRSQ9ZzHO2i3GMX8OMrvROq5HNMoB9tVDwqTT1fHaZm2cXA1bQ_7NNOI7xn_6tFEnRRVvA5mAuK7guxfVpp78f_CsC_Em-LzpzD4_mofVl4z7lBTcKaEAF/s1600/article-2636252-1E1A615D00000578-473_634x611.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZf85xE7h_GNWfFB7ygAyopvRSQ9ZzHO2i3GMX8OMrvROq5HNMoB9tVDwqTT1fHaZm2cXA1bQ_7NNOI7xn_6tFEnRRVvA5mAuK7guxfVpp78f_CsC_Em-LzpzD4_mofVl4z7lBTcKaEAF/s1600/article-2636252-1E1A615D00000578-473_634x611.jpg" height="308" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle scarred: The badly damaged skull of a man (pictured) <br />
could be the first-ever recorded victim of the Battle of Hastings. <br />
Experts have revealed that it belongs to a 45-year-old man <br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Experts have
revealed that it belongs to a 45-year-old man who was hacked six times with a
sword to the back of his head – and could provide first-hand evidence of the
brutal battle of 1066.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No bones have
previously been discovered of anyone who fought and died during the historic
event.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The skull forms
part of a skeleton that was first dug up in 1994 during excavations in Lewes,
East Sussex - around 20 miles from the famous battlefield.</span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigF2hWsfoLjzJhtTn_yiFeAN3oODMzcbWUYr4oyhgCNAJ4NJSBFQ4km8Qwj-TN_fOOnOzQmRdgSOkBjPvZtE0lnqIpNRoxFlq6TNenN9-iOVMOZwWse8D8ltweCPTkFc29GnG4xKCFa7cz/s1600/article-2636252-1E1CE17F00000578-944_634x502.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigF2hWsfoLjzJhtTn_yiFeAN3oODMzcbWUYr4oyhgCNAJ4NJSBFQ4km8Qwj-TN_fOOnOzQmRdgSOkBjPvZtE0lnqIpNRoxFlq6TNenN9-iOVMOZwWse8D8ltweCPTkFc29GnG4xKCFa7cz/s1600/article-2636252-1E1CE17F00000578-944_634x502.jpg" height="505" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The skeleton, which bears the marks of battle, was found in Lewes, around 20 miles from the famous battlefield, thought to be located in Battle, East Sussex</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bones were
originally sent to experts at the University of York as part of preparations to
celebrate the 750th anniversary of the Battle of Lewes.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But radiocarbon
testing of the remains at the University of Edinburgh dated them to 28 years
either side of 1063.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scientists
believe the man was therefore likely to have been involved in fighting at the
time of the Norman invasion and the Battle of Hastings.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Based upon the
way he was buried, they think he was probably British.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Osteoarchaeologist
Malin Holst from the University of York said: ‘The first injury was probably a
cut to the right side of the ear and upper jaw.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘This was then
followed by a series of sword cuts, all delivered from the left hand side
behind the victim, in a downward and horizontal motion.’</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaErEh-uDEIFOAWJX1pwegx4Hf6axj8tSvMDK_Ad8YrZQ_6Qt5cq5dhGYa1UIIxNDALXLYp59w4lo8BtXiA_40-SvWhgLdew1IfzXlbz_Phv9JdwqqXigD5QsX4JvGgpkDYX7EGQXnTMmT/s1600/article-2636252-1E1A612800000578-940_634x423.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaErEh-uDEIFOAWJX1pwegx4Hf6axj8tSvMDK_Ad8YrZQ_6Qt5cq5dhGYa1UIIxNDALXLYp59w4lo8BtXiA_40-SvWhgLdew1IfzXlbz_Phv9JdwqqXigD5QsX4JvGgpkDYX7EGQXnTMmT/s1600/article-2636252-1E1A612800000578-940_634x423.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tim Sutherland, a battlefield expert from the University of York, said: 'The skeleton is apparently unique in that it appears to be the only individual ever recorded which could be related to the Norman invasion. A remarkable new story could be unfolding.' Sword marks are easily visible on the skull (pictured)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Norman
invaders were thought to have buried their dead in a mass grave, but there were
records of the bones of English fighters being visible on the hillsides years
later.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This skeleton
was found on the site of a former medieval hospital.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq6QbPImBHTRgGEQlTaWNn5o3OBztiUA7eu5jMCA4pW4cWys03ZvthgTEMdZomiJgMpSxq2JGXR9K-bEYs4qV29mWp8h9wgUv5MZ7SKSm-MxCgRqvl6vwTgEwo6HPHcvp6zyGtjyO2Ngqh/s1600/article-2636252-1E1A610B00000578-83_634x470.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq6QbPImBHTRgGEQlTaWNn5o3OBztiUA7eu5jMCA4pW4cWys03ZvthgTEMdZomiJgMpSxq2JGXR9K-bEYs4qV29mWp8h9wgUv5MZ7SKSm-MxCgRqvl6vwTgEwo6HPHcvp6zyGtjyO2Ngqh/s1600/article-2636252-1E1A610B00000578-83_634x470.jpg" height="474" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">No bones have previously been discovered of anyone who fought and died during the historic event, so the remains of the 45-year-old (pictured) thought to have died in battle, are a first </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tim Sutherland,
a battlefield expert from the University of York, said: ‘The skeleton is
apparently unique in that it appears to be the only individual ever recorded
which could be related to the Norman invasion. A remarkable new story could be
unfolding.’</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Edwina Livesey
from the Sussex Archaeological Society described the find as ‘shocking’. </span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘When I heard
the news I was completely gobsmacked. It begins to paint a picture of what
might have happened in the aftermath.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘They haven’t
found any grave pits of the Normans. The ground is very acidic so the bones may
not have survived.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ms Holst said
that from bone analysis they could tell that the man ate a diet rich in marine
fish and was at least 45 years old.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘He had some
spinal abnormalities and suffered from chronic infection of the sinuses.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘He showed
age-related wear and tear of the joints of his spine, shoulders and left wrist,
which might have been uncomfortable. </span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘He had lost a
few teeth during life, possibly as a result of receding gums. He had two small
tumours on his skull.’</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although he was
violently killed, the man had sustained some other kind of head injury up to
two years before his death.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She said: ‘He
had sustained an injury to the left temple which caused a blood clot to form.
It was well-healed at the time of his death.’</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">English
Heritage said: ‘This is a fascinating discovery and a potentially very
interesting piece of evidence from the second half of the 11th century. It
certainly demonstrates the violence of the period.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘It would be a
reasonable hypothesis that this individual could have some links to the Norman
Conquest, but further research is essential in understanding the potential
significance of this skeleton.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">HAROLD'S LAST
STAND WAS ON THE A2100, NOT AT BATTLE ABBEY, EXPERTS CLAIM</span></span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In late 2013,
experts claimed that King Harold died with an arrow in his eye not at the site
of Battle Abbey (which has a dedicated vistor's centre - but on a spot that is
now a roundabout on the A2100.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Archaeologists
from Channel 4's Time team excavated grounds around the Abbey and the other
site proposed by historian John Grehan.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They found no
evidence that either place was where the army of William the Conqueror
triumphed over the forces of Harold, the English King.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Using aerial
laser imaging, Time Team then mapped the terrain - on the basis of which a
group of experts agreed that the most likely location for the battle was a
roundabout joining Upper and Lower Lake in the town of Battle.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Time Team said
the mapping had ‘proved’ that the traditional battlefield - on the land
directly below the Abbey - would have been too boggy for William’s cavalry.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘Military
analysts studied the data to see where Harold, a skilled commander, would most
probably have mounted his defence,’ explained a Channel 4 spokesman.</span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘They
identified the only ideal battlefield. It seems Harold’s fearsome Saxon shield
wall straddled a narrow strategic pass that is on today’s A2100.’</span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCnrIcpVeye30tTfD8yPjC1shhEQTtiCwIZ8Wy_B_gFQE_G1qSv_f2M_AmikiCoEGje2mTB7FUgSw0cVQA-vjMW9k23uE5OYpIXsoKfN4-rsibA1akIQg8RzbMYHWM0hQ-1RNl9XFT3lY5/s1600/article-2516141-19BE57D500000578-881_634x435.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCnrIcpVeye30tTfD8yPjC1shhEQTtiCwIZ8Wy_B_gFQE_G1qSv_f2M_AmikiCoEGje2mTB7FUgSw0cVQA-vjMW9k23uE5OYpIXsoKfN4-rsibA1akIQg8RzbMYHWM0hQ-1RNl9XFT3lY5/s1600/article-2516141-19BE57D500000578-881_634x435.jpg" height="438" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A new battle: In late 2013, experts claimed that King Harold died with an arrow in his eye not at the site of Battle Abbey (which has a dedicated vistor's centre - but on a spot that is now a roundabout on the A2100</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Read more: <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2636252/Does-skull-belong-victim-Battle-Hastings-1-000-year-old-remains-near-battlefield-reveal-man-hacked-six-times-sword.html#ixzz32TbkGIky"><span style="color: #003399;">http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2636252/Does-skull-belong-victim-Battle-Hastings-1-000-year-old-remains-near-battlefield-reveal-man-hacked-six-times-sword.html#ixzz32TbkGIky</span></a><br />
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-42035878137309003382014-04-07T20:16:00.002-05:002022-09-28T11:05:59.504-05:00A Gut Wrenching Experience - Kamikazes at Okinawa<span style="color: #eeeeee;">I had the opportunity to interview a World War II US Navy veteran for another project recently. I thought I would share here also. All photos are courtesy of Zane Geier.</span><div><span style="color: #eeeeee;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #eeeeee;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);">UPDATE: My friend Zane Geier passed away on September 27, 2022<br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Zane
Geier <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">US
Navy 1944 – 1946<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Interview
by Mark Hubbs<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<o:p><span style="color: #eeeeee;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Someone who does not know Zane Geier would have
trouble realizing he is 88 years old and a veteran of World War II.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is easy to smile; an active man with an
engaging sense of humor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is as sharp
now as he has ever <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>been.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have known Zane for over ten years, but
really only learned the story of his early life and war time experiences as a
result of this interview.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Zane was born in May 1926 in the little village of
Weaver, Alabama, just north of Anniston.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His first up close experience related to the War were the many soldiers
from Fort McClellan who tramped by his community on road marches and field
maneuvers when he was in high school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When soldiers stopped to draw water from his family well, he realized
they represented an entrepreneurial opportunity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He followed the marching columns on his
bicycle and cornered the market on Baby Ruths and Milky Ways each time they
stopped for a rest break.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjY6hUHE9qFEL-n0I6fASQ9HjMdyNMj8ryW3TZyjaYXDe608sO-wNOa5Guhd7oZcV3QXhnqICHnLIX-ZDygSuMooxKuCQDnaoTHe3hnfH9MckyzAfMXtH7YALVQv4urR7eEGxr6QZlJICf/s1600/1,Zane,+Seaman+Second+Class+(1031x1280).jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjY6hUHE9qFEL-n0I6fASQ9HjMdyNMj8ryW3TZyjaYXDe608sO-wNOa5Guhd7oZcV3QXhnqICHnLIX-ZDygSuMooxKuCQDnaoTHe3hnfH9MckyzAfMXtH7YALVQv4urR7eEGxr6QZlJICf/s1600/1,Zane,+Seaman+Second+Class+(1031x1280).jpg" width="321" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Zane Geier just out of boot camp</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Zane’s father took a job with the Department of the
Navy before the War began and the family moved several times from 1936 to
1944.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zane did very well in school
despite the fact that he attended four different high schools in Alabama, South
Carolina, California and Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With
his graduation in May 1944 from Pensacola High School, he followed the path of
millions of young men and answered his country’s call.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Navy was the obvious choice due to his
father’s career in Navy shipyards.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Boot camp was at Camp Perry, Virginia, near
Williamsburg, and then on to radar training at the Fleet Training School at
Virginia Beach, Virginia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The training
at the Fleet Training School was fast and intense as the Navy struggled to
provide the new sailors and new ships needed for the final push in the Pacific
theater.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">The Navy wasted no time in getting Seaman Geier to
sea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was sent to the Brooklyn Navy
Yard and assigned to a brand new destroyer escort, the USS Cross.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Almost all of the sailors were newer than the
ship.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One hundred and ten men were
assigned to the Cross. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ninety five of
them were brand new sailors just out of boot camp and “A” school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A cadre of only fifteen “old salts” had to
train and blend this group of youngsters into an effective fighting crew.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zane was on board the ship when First Lady
Eleanor Roosevelt broke a bottle of champagne on the bow of the USS Cross
during its commissioning ceremony.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYOUgqe2kXV-zO0rg5NnEP-luwUCaNyj8zrjNImBTZTHIFO4vp3pIsQLPuFUfxRBpqcly1abHwIEBgVcwYV7z_xMfCXDHv7WJupOwi6GwmPjLgr2oaArNgJqxsMXOJyoqhRU6jsgCC98Oc/s1600/2b%252C+Cross+in+Pacific+waters.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="385" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYOUgqe2kXV-zO0rg5NnEP-luwUCaNyj8zrjNImBTZTHIFO4vp3pIsQLPuFUfxRBpqcly1abHwIEBgVcwYV7z_xMfCXDHv7WJupOwi6GwmPjLgr2oaArNgJqxsMXOJyoqhRU6jsgCC98Oc/s1600/2b%252C+Cross+in+Pacific+waters.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The USS Cross as she was outfitted for the Pacific theater</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Although Zane was a radarman during normal
operations of the ship, his battle station <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“was
on a 4 barrel, 40 millimeter gun mount on the starboard side, forward.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I sat on the right hand side and turned the
crank that made the gun move laterally.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ZGLD5vfBos2hMreIwzvdHhXAsJOzrv2bfxvvLkeF-pzA6kZwbjJZuuW4Z7HebPL0NPe6Ua3dT4IK_rF10q9_qmGareWte-hRKfSbmMZiUPUoViAIXveeexpBSyvvGvg3rgihtDMfOm_J/s1600/5b+Quad+40mm+gun%252C+Port+Bow.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ZGLD5vfBos2hMreIwzvdHhXAsJOzrv2bfxvvLkeF-pzA6kZwbjJZuuW4Z7HebPL0NPe6Ua3dT4IK_rF10q9_qmGareWte-hRKfSbmMZiUPUoViAIXveeexpBSyvvGvg3rgihtDMfOm_J/s1600/5b+Quad+40mm+gun%252C+Port+Bow.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Zane's 40mm gun firing during training exercises. Zane is the seated man on the front left of the gun tub</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3ttSW8g-N-Wu6Zk2ms5I0UmT1hATO4TCbh6DOz8EV4K_aDNlajnA99iLOIMtQaLsVnpAnA6qv1OnlInpHjbWAc3hEE-IJ2bxX9EGKuLimWiYeNpFLOLhBbmhKvBeaOFlZKhlEmCHdNuIN/s1600/5d%252C+Zane+at+the+crank.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3ttSW8g-N-Wu6Zk2ms5I0UmT1hATO4TCbh6DOz8EV4K_aDNlajnA99iLOIMtQaLsVnpAnA6qv1OnlInpHjbWAc3hEE-IJ2bxX9EGKuLimWiYeNpFLOLhBbmhKvBeaOFlZKhlEmCHdNuIN/s1600/5d%252C+Zane+at+the+crank.jpg" width="260" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Zane at his Battle Station</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">After a shakedown cruise to Bermuda and convoy duty in
the Atlantic, the USS Cross was slated for duty with the Third Fleet in the
Pacific.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Cross rendezvoused with the
fleet at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Island, and from there island hopped to
Ulithi and the Northern Marianas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Navy and Army were gearing up for what would become the largest, most intense,
campaign of the Pacific war – the Battle of Okinawa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">As the battle raged on the island of Okinawa, the US
Navy protected the landing sites from the Japanese Navy and air forces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is where the Japanese first used Kamikazes
on a gigantic scale.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over 1,600 allied
ships ringed the island and each became targets for Japanese suicide
flyers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Destroyers and destroyer escorts,
such as the USS Cross, formed the outer ring of the fleet defenses. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They provided early warning radar and fire
support against Japanese planes that attempted to break this perimeter to get at
the aircraft carriers, battleships and cruisers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result these smaller ships often became
primary targets when the Japanese flyers realized they could not break
through.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Almost 5,000 American sailors
were killed in Kamikaze attacks during the course of the Okinawa Campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Zane recalls, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">many
occasions when the Cross and sister ships were engaged in pumping out a wall of
bullets at incoming Kamikaze.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a
gut wrenching experience to see a plane coming towards us, low on the water,
getting closer and closer . . . and a feeling of relief to see the plane explode
. . . sometimes only 100 yards or so away . . .and feel the shock and hear a
sharp scraping sound as flying debris struck the ship.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">As the Battle of Okinawa wound down in late June
1945, the US Third Fleet moved its area of operations off the island of Honshu
in preparation of the invasion of the Japanese homeland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the destruction of the Japanese
cites of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by American atomic bombs sealed the fate of
Japan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They formally surrendered on August 25, 1945.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3cxdCBP7rxRUjINyRK5jzgVuFmGEfjadZRGcBlCZBgl3bvN5ss6vyksY1qejXQ9gD2o9o5Z1xYIavo6qQ8jZfsI9WrnD4t8kduKDsOKbUoLT1ZIp2EpF7hUw8XIchjtmMmIk8LGK8oATY/s1600/8%252C+Battleship+West+Virginia%252C+off+Japan.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3cxdCBP7rxRUjINyRK5jzgVuFmGEfjadZRGcBlCZBgl3bvN5ss6vyksY1qejXQ9gD2o9o5Z1xYIavo6qQ8jZfsI9WrnD4t8kduKDsOKbUoLT1ZIp2EpF7hUw8XIchjtmMmIk8LGK8oATY/s1600/8%252C+Battleship+West+Virginia%252C+off+Japan.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A sailor is transferred from the battleship USS West Virginia to the USS Cross</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">The USS Cross was damaged during a massive typhoon
in October 1945.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ship was towed back
to the US for repair, but not before its crew was scattered and reassigned to
other ships.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zane found a new assignment
aboard the USS Hornet, one of the most famous aircraft carriers of World War
II.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Hornet participated in Operation
“Magic Carpet” when it ferried several thousand US soldiers back to the United
States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zane was discharged from the
Navy on June 4, 1946.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglVLCOTzi1aMzrY81roVYcMf6qGWI9gYcS7Rdmob2DSf75at2k8IhNwsN3lDQsn8LoCR0E7QasC1-rce9quopzBh07B77iqFL7FFhRSdDjTeLQ99hF00Fb7-ZrHGlLokYzOe_DP6gB2OE7/s1600/27c%252C+Hornet+Flight+Deck.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglVLCOTzi1aMzrY81roVYcMf6qGWI9gYcS7Rdmob2DSf75at2k8IhNwsN3lDQsn8LoCR0E7QasC1-rce9quopzBh07B77iqFL7FFhRSdDjTeLQ99hF00Fb7-ZrHGlLokYzOe_DP6gB2OE7/s1600/27c%252C+Hornet+Flight+Deck.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">On the flight deck of the USS Hornet</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvVyVufMAzaOpM6g-wJoHGcLQnhdZ3c0ocBcx-dmPiSoastf20zx1H2SmUki0Vw5xL4dkMV6GIyadffCldEjNwOEvkmLZLAtanM_VlemCb-ACfR8XM_u55LgacGogqfODcM_FQ3LQVRDbN/s1600/39%252C+Zane%252C+Shore+Patrol+%2540+New+Orleans.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="609" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvVyVufMAzaOpM6g-wJoHGcLQnhdZ3c0ocBcx-dmPiSoastf20zx1H2SmUki0Vw5xL4dkMV6GIyadffCldEjNwOEvkmLZLAtanM_VlemCb-ACfR8XM_u55LgacGogqfODcM_FQ3LQVRDbN/s1600/39%252C+Zane%252C+Shore+Patrol+%2540+New+Orleans.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Zane Geier served as a shore patrolman in the months before his discharge in 1946</td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Zane became an auditor
for the US General Accounting Office after the war, and even continued his
nautical career in the Navy Reserves in the late 1940s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He received a degree in accounting from the
University of Alabama in 1949, and </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">attended Harvard University, Graduate School of
Business Administration, and completed the Program for Management Development
in 1963</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Zane is proud of
his service during World War II.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also
celebrated the sacrifice and heroism of veterans of other wars by participating
in Civil War and War of 1812 living history and reenactment programs for many
years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, he understands the
futility of war and abhors it as a political means.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He says: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">“I am opposed to war and favor peaceful
coexistence instead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although I fought
in a big war, and have observed the United States’ involvement in a long
succession of others, I am convinced it is all for naught.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the long run, most wars, even the
Crusades, have accomplished little.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
pain and suffering and loss of life and property caused by war have been
immense.”</span> </span></i></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfc4ac0_wwBgQC8v8JuTYhhEeD0UWnUReozck3sr8cuevosbOc6a67XU84AbYeQXsTcLJmA3edQgAaCpPk811s2IxEjzSSG52Boh0REluXBcnjKLUJ7j5ExoGzVQF-whOnQE9XlufN-Lp9/s1600/%2527x12%252CZane%252Cb.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfc4ac0_wwBgQC8v8JuTYhhEeD0UWnUReozck3sr8cuevosbOc6a67XU84AbYeQXsTcLJmA3edQgAaCpPk811s2IxEjzSSG52Boh0REluXBcnjKLUJ7j5ExoGzVQF-whOnQE9XlufN-Lp9/s1600/%2527x12%252CZane%252Cb.jpg" width="330" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Zane Geier in 2012</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
</o:p><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
</div>M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-45166076464437393852014-03-17T15:28:00.002-05:002014-03-17T15:28:46.419-05:00"So Our Souls Can Be At Peace" Recovering the Dead of the Russian Front
My job as an archaeologist for the US Army sometime takes me to far flung places. On several occasions I've been involved in the recovery of Japanese soldiers killed in action at Kwajalein Atoll in the Central Pacific. Remains are often inadvertently discovered during infrastructure improvements on the island. Indeed, over 3,000 Japanese service members are buried in yet undiscovered individual and mass graves across Kwajalein Island alone. <br />
<br />
Even though these were enemies of my country, I can't help but be saddened by these discoveries. It is always sobering to remember that these men died and were buried by strangers, in a land far from home. In almost every case, the families of these men never learned of the circumstances of their death, only that they were lost at Kwajalein.<br />
<br />
The emotions expressed by the people in this article reveal much of what I experienced, but magnified many times over. The archaeologists and volunteers recovering the missing in Russia are doing to account for their countrymen and for those still living who were left behind. My hat is off to these people and what they are accomplishing.<br />
<br />
Visit the website below to find more information and many more photos<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Digging for
their lives: Russia's volunteer body hunters<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">By Lucy Ash BBC
News, Russia<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Re-blogged
from: <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25589709"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25589709</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Of
the estimated 70 million people killed in World War Two, 26 million died on the
Eastern front - and up to four million of them are still officially considered
missing in action. But volunteers are now searching the former battlefields for
the soldiers' remains, determined to give them a proper burial - and a name. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0SVnLFk7TJkWV1IE-nqf1k6EaLdRk_YZukDIaG0F19-zkCbpWJ2EymVVLEk3aXR-HFWNOKF47U8hq0aIYpiH7fqEBziJsoFcwn-FVflWchhnPQgoVn3GwoupImHSzAqXiRkGNwX_XMyyt/s1600/_72139678_skullinhands_da_976.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0SVnLFk7TJkWV1IE-nqf1k6EaLdRk_YZukDIaG0F19-zkCbpWJ2EymVVLEk3aXR-HFWNOKF47U8hq0aIYpiH7fqEBziJsoFcwn-FVflWchhnPQgoVn3GwoupImHSzAqXiRkGNwX_XMyyt/s1600/_72139678_skullinhands_da_976.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Olga
Ivshina walks slowly and carefully through the pine trees, the beeps of her
metal detector punctuating the quiet of the forest. "They are not buried
very deep," she says.</span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"Sometimes
we find them just beneath the moss and a few layers of fallen leaves. They are
still lying where they fell. The soldiers are waiting for us - waiting for the
chance to finally go home."<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nearby,
Marina Koutchinskaya is on her knees searching in the mud. For the past 12
years she has spent most of her holidays like this, far away from home, her
maternity clothes business, and her young son.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"Every
spring, summer and autumn I get this strange sort of yearning inside me to go
and look for the soldiers," she says. "My heart pulls me to do this
work."<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">They
are part of a group called Exploration who have travelled for 24 hours in a
cramped army truck to get to this forest near St Petersburg. Conditions are
basic - they camp in the woods - and some days they have to wade waist-deep
through mud to find the bodies of the fallen. The work can be dangerous, too.
Soldiers are regularly discovered with their grenades still in their backpacks
and artillery shells can be seen sticking out of the trees. Diggers from other
groups elsewhere in Russia have lost their lives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Marina
holds up an object she has found, it looks like a bar of soap, but it is
actually TNT. "Near a naked flame it's still dangerous, even though it has
been lying in the ground for 70 years," she says. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Many
countries were scarred by World War Two, but none suffered as many losses as
the Soviet Union. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">On
22 June 1941, Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, the largest and bloodiest
campaign in military history, aimed at annexing vast areas of the USSR to the
Third Reich. St Petersburg, then known as Leningrad, was one of his main
targets. In less than three months, the advancing German army had encircled the
city and started pounding it from the air.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">But
attempts to take the city by storm fell through, so Hitler decided to starve it
into surrender. For more than two years, the Red Army fought desperately to cut
through German lines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Olga
and Marina are working near the town of Lyuban, 80km (50 miles) south of St
Petersburg. Here, in an area of just 10 sq km, an estimated 19,000 Soviet
soldiers were killed in just a few days in 1942. So far the diggers have found
2,000 bodies.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ilya
Prokoviev, the most experienced of the Exploration team, is carefully poking
the ground with a long metal spike. A former army officer with a droopy blonde
moustache, he found his first soldier 30 years ago while walking in the
countryside.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"I
was crossing a swamp when suddenly I saw some boots sticking out of the
mud," he says.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"A
bit further away, I found a Soviet helmet. Then I scraped away some moss and
saw a soldier. I was shocked. It was 1983, I was 40km from Leningrad and there
lay the remains of a soldier who hadn't been buried. After that there were more
and more and more, and we realised these bodies were to be found everywhere -
and on a massive scale."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">There
was little time in the heat of battle to bury the dead, says Valery Kudinsky,
the defence ministry official responsible for war graves. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"In
just three months the German death machine covered more than 2,000km (1,250
miles) of our land. So many Red Army units were killed, wiped out or surrounded
- how could anyone think about burials, let alone records of burials, in such
conditions?"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Immediately
after the war, the priority was to rebuild a shattered country, he says. But
that does not explain why later the battlefields weren't cleared and the fallen
soldiers not identified and buried. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
diggers now believe that some were deliberately concealed. The governing
council of the USSR issued decrees in 1963 about destroying any traces of war,
says Ilya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"If
you take a map showing where battles took place, then see where all the new
forest plantations and building projects were located, you'll find they
coincide with the front line. Nobody will convince me they planted trees for
ecological reasons."<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">If
you crouch down in the woods near Lyuban, a series of grooves in the earth can
be clearly made out. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"They
actively planted new trees on the battlefield - they ploughed furrows and put
the trees exactly in the places where the unburied soldiers were lying,"
Marina says.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">She
recently unearthed a helmet and in order to find its owner, the team had to
uproot two nearby trees.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"When
we cleaned away some clumps of earth from the roots we saw two hands tangled up
in them. Then we found a pelvis and some ribs between the roots. So we think
the whole soldier was underneath the roots and the trees were growing on top of
him."<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">But
how could anyone - farmers or workmen - get on a tractor and plough over land
littered with human remains?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"If
they refused to plough a field because there were corpses or bones in it,
they'd just be sacked," says Ilya. "If you lost your job in those
days you were a non-person - you didn't exist. That's what life was like in the
Soviet Union." Plus, it was less than two decades after the war. The
workers had endured far worse horrors, he says.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">There
are horrors for the diggers, too.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nevskaya
Dubrovka, on the banks of the River Neva, was the scene of one of the bloodiest
campaigns of the Leningrad siege. The Red Army fought tooth and nail to secure
a narrow stretch of river bank in an attempt to break the blockade. Hundreds of
thousands of troops, used as little more than cannon fodder, were slaughtered.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Diggers
discovered a mass grave in the area last summer. The soldiers may have been
thrown into the pit by their comrades or local villagers as a hasty form of
burial, or even by the German Army, anxious to prevent an epidemic among its
troops.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"There
must have been 30 or 40 soldiers in there. Four layers of people one on top of
the other," says Olga, as she sits by the campfire. "But the
skeletons were all mixed up and smashed. Here you have a head - there a
leg…" She pauses and stares into the fire. "Once you've seen that,
you'll never forget it. You are no longer the same person you were
before." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Going
back to city life and her job with the BBC Russian Service is sometimes hard
after a few weeks in the forest. When her friends in Moscow complain about not
being able to afford a good enough car or designer clothes, she feels
alienated. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"Everything
seems so pointless - even my job as a journalist - and sometimes I think, 'What
am I doing?' But here, on the dig, I feel we are doing something which is
needed."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">For
Olga - who sang hymns to Communism in her primary school, then learnt about
profit and loss at secondary school - volunteering as a digger also provides a
moral compass in confusing times.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"Sometimes
you need to know that you are doing something which is important, that you are
not just a piece of dust in this universe. This work connects us to our past.
It's like an anchor which helps us to stay in place even during a storm."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Finding
the dead is only one part of their mission. Rescuing them from anonymity is the
other. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In
Moscow an eternal flame burns at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the shadow
of the Kremlin Wall, but for the diggers, the best way to honour those who lost
their lives is to give them back their identities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"The
soldier had a family, he had children, he fell in love," says Ilya.
"Being unknown is nothing to be proud of. We are the ones who made him
unknown." <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">But
discovering who they were is not always easy, especially after so much time has
passed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"The
more data we can collect from the spot, the better the chance we have to
identify a soldier," says Alexander Konoplov, the leader of the
Exploration group. Sometimes they find old coins with the soldiers, given to
them by their families. The belief was that if the family lent him a few coins,
he would come home to repay the loan.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">But
while personal items can build up a picture of the person, they can't help find
his name, or place of birth. Initials scratched into spoons and bowls are good.
But the key is usually an ID tag.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">During
World War Two, Soviet soldiers' ID tags were not made of metal - they were
small ebony capsules containing a small piece of paper for their personal details.
Sadly, the papers are often illegible. Others were left blank because many
soldiers were superstitious - they believed filling in the forms would lead to
certain death.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Alexander,
who ran his own business selling food products before becoming a full-time
digger, is holding a bullet case plugged with a small piece of wood. He hopes
that it is an improvised ID tag. But when he turns it upside down in his hand,
what comes out of it is not a roll of paper, but a trickle of brown liquid.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"Sometimes
we find messages with the soldier's name," says Alexander. "Some
wrote, 'If I am killed, please pass this on to my girlfriend or my mum.' You
can't help feeling touched by it."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Exploration
is one of 600 groups of diggers from all over Russia who have found and reburied
a total of 500,000 soldiers so far. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">These
teams are known as the "white diggers", but there are also those
dubbed "black diggers" who search for medals, guns, coins or even
gold teeth which they sell online or to specialist dealers. They are not interested
in identifying the soldiers - they just leave the bones in the ground. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Alexander
has a strict set of guidelines about how the remains should be excavated,
labelled and stored. Each soldier is photographed and their location is
recorded and entered into a digital database.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">If
a decades-old ID tag cannot be deciphered by the team on the ground, it is
carefully packed and sent to the team's headquarters in the Volga city of
Kazan. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1x8vUK_O6pTCfw3tZDXN6GJY2wEAB0RbRV1VoMLTqvG9hMjQ-D9-TwEILy1bNhAtG7dXXqmue_0I4kmIMkpGyorWxwU4IOQatgI_2sCBxXGZutUZn0H7tvb1Ifk8eq6zLMNyVuDr8XcdG/s1600/_72139317_2diggers_da_976.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1x8vUK_O6pTCfw3tZDXN6GJY2wEAB0RbRV1VoMLTqvG9hMjQ-D9-TwEILy1bNhAtG7dXXqmue_0I4kmIMkpGyorWxwU4IOQatgI_2sCBxXGZutUZn0H7tvb1Ifk8eq6zLMNyVuDr8XcdG/s1600/_72139317_2diggers_da_976.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">T</span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">he
team's technician, Rafik Salakhiev, uses ultraviolet light and digital imaging
to reveal the faded pencil marks. "Let's try to enhance purple colours on
this yellow paper," he says. "We can reduce the saturation and yes!
We start to see some letters…"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Once
a name emerges, the diggers use old army lists, classified documents and
contacts in the military or police to identify the soldier precisely and to
locate surviving members of his family.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"Every
new search gets to me as if it was the first one," says Rafik. Many of the
relatives are now elderly and may not be in good health. "When you call
the relatives, before telling them the news, you try to prepare them. Even if
they have been waiting for a long time."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">But
tracing a soldier's family can take years - on occasions more than a decade -
especially if the family moved after the war.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">When,
in 1942, people in First Lt Kustov's home village heard he was missing, they
suspected him of deserting and collaborating with the Germans. They branded his
young son and daughter traitor's children and the family were forced to leave.
It took Ilya Prokoviev months to track them down.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"When
we told them that we had found their father's remains, for them the feeling was
just indescribable. They knew that he hadn't just deserted, that he couldn't
have behaved like that, but there was never any proof until 60 years
later."<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">From
the archives, the diggers worked out that Kustov had been the commander of one
of Stalin's notorious shtrafbats, a battalion made up of prisoners and
deserters. Only a trusted officer and staunch communist would have been
appointed to such a post. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"They
had managed to restore historical truth and honour their father's memory,"
says Ilya. "It was the main event of their lives, I think." Kustov's
children took his remains and buried them next to their mother, who had waited
her whole life for her husband to return.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Near
the banks of the River Neva, close to the mass grave found by diggers, a
Russian Orthodox priest chants prayers as he walks around the rows of bright
red coffins laid out on the grass. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
children, grand-children and great-grand-children of the soldiers they
unearthed look on, some quietly sobbing.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Valentina
Aliyeva is here to bury the father she has not seen since she was four years
old. For seven decades, the only link she had with him was a black and white
photo of their former family home.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"My
mother remarried some years later and everyone told me to call my stepfather
Daddy. But I refused - I knew who my real dad was," she says, her eyes
filling with tears. "What those diggers have achieved means so much to me.
I can't tell you how grateful I am."<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tatiana
Uzarevich and Lyudmila Marinkina, twin sisters in their early 50s, have
travelled from the remote region of Kamchatka - nine hours away by plane. The
diggers found their grandfather's ID tag in the mass grave. When they were
unable to trace his family, the group put out an appeal on the evening news.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
twins' elderly mother was stunned when she heard his name - Alexander Golik -
the family had searched in vain for years. His disappearance had left his wife
and children destitute. "The fact that he was missing in action meant that
my grandmother was not entitled to any of the financial support given to other
relatives after the Great Patriotic War. She didn't get a penny and she had four
children to raise," says Lyudmila.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"My
mum was so hungry all the time, she begged the other kids for pieces of bread
at school.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"She
only remembers the shape of her fathers' hands - but she had memories of a
kind, good man," says Tatiana. "We just had to come to this reburial
service to visit the place where he died and accompany him to his final resting
place."<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
walls of the large, newly dug grave are draped with red cloth - an act of
respect normally accorded only to army generals. Young men dressed in
Soviet-style army uniforms form a guard of honour. Visibly moved, as coffin
after coffin is carried past to be buried, some of them look up to the sky.
There is a belief that birds flying overhead transport the souls of the dead. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9epWs99sxmJB7lw0QEHz61cY8lQlzyFUburLHM0ThIAGZzl8ThXOc35uC8MA9Yckqnki87iEUGXsctlnYrjd-ewI4RCJoG7tNlpjqL3ZXdlzMzgzZivwnECoXZgIKNlXcVr0mJE97k9ay/s1600/_72163813_burialeyesup_624.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9epWs99sxmJB7lw0QEHz61cY8lQlzyFUburLHM0ThIAGZzl8ThXOc35uC8MA9Yckqnki87iEUGXsctlnYrjd-ewI4RCJoG7tNlpjqL3ZXdlzMzgzZivwnECoXZgIKNlXcVr0mJE97k9ay/s1600/_72163813_burialeyesup_624.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">There
are more than 100 coffins - each contains the bones of 12 to 15 men. The
diggers would like each soldier to have his own, but they can't afford the
extra 1,500 they would need for today's service.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">This
is the culmination of months of work by the volunteers. It's what it's all for
- bringing a semblance of order to the moral chaos of the past, and paying
tribute to those who gave their lives.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In
the spring they will resume their searches in the forests and fields where so
many were slaughtered. They are determined to continue until the last man is
found. But it could be a life's work - or more. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"There
are so many unburied soldiers, it will take decades to find them. There will
definitely be work for our grandchildren," says Marina. "But nature
is working against us. The remains are decomposing and it is getting harder to
find the bones, ID tags and army kit." The more years that go by. The less
information there is.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"We
need to continue to do this for ourselves, so our souls can be at peace,"
says Ilya. "It has become the meaning of our lives."<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<br />
M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-9660576607864893882014-02-18T13:41:00.000-06:002014-02-18T13:41:06.225-06:00A Party On the River: The Little Ice Age in London
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Climate Change has been at the forefront of the scientific
(and political) conversation for over a decade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>First touted as “Global Warming,” the nomenclature has changed through
the years to better fit the reality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There is no doubt that our climate is changing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Written history, the archaeological record
and the geologic record all tell us that climate is cyclic and goes through
periods of warming and cooling.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most
dramatic and destructive of those cycles brought intense cold and continent
size glaciers to the Northern Hemisphere that lasted for thousands of years each
time.</div>
Intense warming in the early middle ages, brought temperatures
thought to be much warmer than the present, and resulted in massive population
growth in Northern Europe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Greenland
became so temperate that Scandinavian explorers established settlements that
lasted for generations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those
settlements were abandoned when the climate changed again with the “Little Ice
Age,” which lasted from the mid 14<sup>th</sup> Century until the early 19<sup>th</sup>
Century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
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North America is experiencing unusually cold and snowy weather
this winter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As of early February, the
Great lakes are over 90% ice covered, the most the lakes have seen since the
mid 1990s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reports of the ice on the
lakes made me take notice of this blog post (thanks for sharing Greg!)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’ve reblogged it here.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Go to the original site to see even more
photos.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Frost Fair: When the River Thames Froze Over Into London's Most Debaucherous Party</span></div>
by Allison Meier - Feb 7, 2014<br />
<br />
For additional period art work of the Frost Fairs go to the original blog:<br />
<a href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/frost-fair-of-london">http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/frost-fair-of-london</a><br />
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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From about 1550 to 1850, the world was in what scientists
have deemed a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ice_Age"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">"Little
Ice Age."</span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The frigid
centuries included the spectacular sight of the River Thames in London freezing
over, sometimes with ice so solid people decided to go out and have a festival
on the river.</div>
The Frost Fairs were staged on the frozen Thames in 1683-4,
1716, 1739-40, 1789, and 1814. Parallel exhibitions commemorating the 200 year
anniversary of the last Frost Fair in February of 1814 are being held at the
Museum of London in the City of London and the Museum of London Docklands. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><em><a href="http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/docklands/whats-on/exhibitions-displays/frozen-thames/"><span style="color: windowtext;">Frozen Thames: Frost Fair 1814</span></a> </em>shows
the winter bacchanalia from the Frost Fair, where the main trade was booze and
the principal activity was having as wild a time as possible without breaking
the ice. <br />
<br />
Through etchings, paintings, mementos printed by
enterprising press owners, and even a 200-year-old block of gingerbread - the
"only surviving piece of gingerbread bought at the 1814 Frost Fair" -
you can get an idea of the joy and chaos of the Frost Fairs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It seems the artists most delighted in showing
people falling on the ice (one of the drinks served along with beer and gin was
a highly intoxicating concoction called "Purl" that involved
wormwood), but you can also spy participants roasting sheep, playing games like
bowling and "throwing at cocks" (that seemed to involve hurling
things at roosters), and even fox hunting and bull-baiting. Some reports even
claim an elephant walked across the ice, but sadly it did not make it into
these tableaux.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCF5PLJuQ_4olZ0Mvzpyp5rqnQeD9eUegCR3ROhIFq1YXXzSQLc0HWUFzGpsfO6jXCpCwphlIGWATSRT9lEkmpltfr4IXFR_h40hKPzCmSNuOLuuV4z3gbqPQVas0frDKYzOI-qf-ci9bp/s1600/image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCF5PLJuQ_4olZ0Mvzpyp5rqnQeD9eUegCR3ROhIFq1YXXzSQLc0HWUFzGpsfO6jXCpCwphlIGWATSRT9lEkmpltfr4IXFR_h40hKPzCmSNuOLuuV4z3gbqPQVas0frDKYzOI-qf-ci9bp/s1600/image.jpg" height="425" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>"Gingerbread and wrapper, 1814" (© Museum of London) "This is the only surviving piece of gingerbread bought at the 1814 Frost Fair. At 200 years old it is now a little hard, but still smells of ginger and spice. "</em><div style="text-align: center;">
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</tbody></table>
Of course, every ice event has its seasonal end, and the
Frost Fair would conclude tumultuously with the sounds of cracking ice and
inebriated revelers scrambling for the shores. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While with the current climate and the
alteration of the architecture of the Thames it's not likely there will be
another Frost Fair, you can find memories of it in the city. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Under the Southwark Bridge, Richard Kindersley
<a href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/scenes-from-the-frost-fair"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">created a
series of engravings on slate</span></a> remembering the fair with this
inscription: <br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<em>Behold the Liquid
Thames frozen o’re,</em><i><br />
<em>That lately Ships of mighty Burthen bore</em><br />
<em>The Watermen for want of Rowing Boats</em><br />
<em>Make use of Booths to get their Pence & Groats</em><br />
<em>Here you may see beef roasted on the spit</em><br />
<em>And for your money you may taste a bit</em><br />
<em>There you may print your name, tho cannot write</em><br />
<em>Cause num'd with cold: tis done with great delight</em><br />
<em>And lay it by that ages yet to come</em><br />
<em>May see what things upon the ice were done</em></i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3PH9Fv1CayhyBK8HYkDduv1wFk5pfoH9IY3LeyINNqgo_84JcSn-kTxyk0WMoGjqp9RQTM9Gv8KmBtvktbUvefQRxXfgbFXCCChOwqi-fw2X2xiMYixudmrOVab6zxnMttGjzcOlW0DGL/s1600/image5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3PH9Fv1CayhyBK8HYkDduv1wFk5pfoH9IY3LeyINNqgo_84JcSn-kTxyk0WMoGjqp9RQTM9Gv8KmBtvktbUvefQRxXfgbFXCCChOwqi-fw2X2xiMYixudmrOVab6zxnMttGjzcOlW0DGL/s1600/image5.jpg" height="394" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Abraham Hondius, "The Frozen Thames, 1677," (© Museum of London)</em><br />
<em></em><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6qn40pQpmbVCaQvOUgts4CD4tPHrRMU-sqIfzmgxQjEpuLYBidkRNt7mbR9zomPcGKoG5Sr17PHN0VnzEuK7eZR6dtbArbHSMg77Xt-ntTP05ei9JCxCye1N-YSI4mN91_tn9Dq9XXzf4/s1600/image4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6qn40pQpmbVCaQvOUgts4CD4tPHrRMU-sqIfzmgxQjEpuLYBidkRNt7mbR9zomPcGKoG5Sr17PHN0VnzEuK7eZR6dtbArbHSMg77Xt-ntTP05ei9JCxCye1N-YSI4mN91_tn9Dq9XXzf4/s1600/image4.jpg" height="377" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>"A Frost Fair on the Thames at Temple Stairs," 1684, Abraham Hondius (© Museum of London)</em> </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS3ho0W4BELYrdnMakdUqylPa-AXLDspdpdWpx0EeW9KogqzcvJeR418YHsqqEbRusNSNyroCTccBSf3PPsTZIx7J0ZQ5facRnVkSpuSw3VLhngQfWL_p4cql0wEGtL9j9PwsB-xdVBAlv/s1600/image6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS3ho0W4BELYrdnMakdUqylPa-AXLDspdpdWpx0EeW9KogqzcvJeR418YHsqqEbRusNSNyroCTccBSf3PPsTZIx7J0ZQ5facRnVkSpuSw3VLhngQfWL_p4cql0wEGtL9j9PwsB-xdVBAlv/s1600/image6.jpg" height="432" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>"Frost Fair on the River Thames, 1684" (c.1800), unknown artist (© Museum of London)</em><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9TUqHUyw-sKmE_Fo5MXafWwRdMsl4VHEhDCOg2lt0XJ_Z9hj8D_9YPM4iBTA0oz-kKwRYZma5tV-O6nICG1b1-muSS_dtMvrAffLAovbZjXcMoyJKFgLksxEEigJMP9UXmDGuyfyj32a8/s1600/image2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9TUqHUyw-sKmE_Fo5MXafWwRdMsl4VHEhDCOg2lt0XJ_Z9hj8D_9YPM4iBTA0oz-kKwRYZma5tV-O6nICG1b1-muSS_dtMvrAffLAovbZjXcMoyJKFgLksxEEigJMP9UXmDGuyfyj32a8/s1600/image2.jpg" height="383" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Printed keepsake, 2 February 1814 (© Museum of London) "This simple, hastily produced example conveys the urgency and excitement of being there."</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi32v1XbdINJn7a3Ig7fFnn7XpqCy2GHcJ7FUE5yL7GN_3Pd-Jc6Y1Gg4bB2_8eE1vwE_ZgcTyqtg41Gq6crnx59i04DcR9gbehQRdaPxuNo46b0zD_XQcXcpaHJWFe6NTtbPdpLdsZk4re/s1600/image3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi32v1XbdINJn7a3Ig7fFnn7XpqCy2GHcJ7FUE5yL7GN_3Pd-Jc6Y1Gg4bB2_8eE1vwE_ZgcTyqtg41Gq6crnx59i04DcR9gbehQRdaPxuNo46b0zD_XQcXcpaHJWFe6NTtbPdpLdsZk4re/s1600/image3.jpg" height="482" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>"View of the Thames off Three Cranes Wharf, 1814," Burkitt & Hudson (© PLA Collection / Museum of London)</em><br />
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-50565941730377610292014-01-28T14:34:00.001-06:002014-01-28T14:34:45.150-06:00A Tomb For The Lost King
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I’ve presented several updates on the search for and
discovery of the remains of Richard III in past blogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since his recovery and positive
identification, a legal battle as ensued over where his last resting place
should be.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’ve followed this story closely
because of my interest in British history and because my alma mater the </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">University of Leicester led the archaeological effort to
recover the remains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The University and
the City of Leicester want Richard to be reburied in Leicester.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all, it was the Grey Friar monks of
Leicester who secured his body after his death at the Battle of Bosworth Field in
1485 and respectfully buried him the Grey Friar’s church choiry where he lay
(even though the church was destroyed) until February 2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">However, Richard
was from York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That city and the Plantagenet
Society, a group of distant relatives, want him reinterred in his home town.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The law suit has not yet been settled, but
plans and designs for Richard’s new tomb have already been revealed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As you will see, a gracious nod to his
Yorkshire roots is included in the design.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Re-bogged from: <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2425609/Richard-III-receive-burial-fit-king--raised-tomb-York-stone-positioned-large-white-rose.html#ixzz2riznxyOg"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2425609/Richard-III-receive-burial-fit-king--raised-tomb-York-stone-positioned-large-white-rose.html#ixzz2riznxyOg</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Richard III will receive a burial fit for a king under a raised
tomb made of Yorkshire limestone positioned on a large white rose<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">By Sarah Griffiths<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Richard III will be
buried under a raised tomb made out of Yorkshire limestone, cathedral chiefs
have announced.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTNUWgtUn5U9z5-XT1yiqcCySHUXGLoPec_dnh4oFe6dUGCsLsJcQGbc6IYi-qRsA9ZnA-kCLeBI68Vz8QhEkOvUBUCb9P82d2svxu1RyexY_O4imHtra5j7W4IwTLTKJnIhhVUaJizy_s/s1600/untitled2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTNUWgtUn5U9z5-XT1yiqcCySHUXGLoPec_dnh4oFe6dUGCsLsJcQGbc6IYi-qRsA9ZnA-kCLeBI68Vz8QhEkOvUBUCb9P82d2svxu1RyexY_O4imHtra5j7W4IwTLTKJnIhhVUaJizy_s/s1600/untitled2.png" height="320" width="231" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">King Richard III (pictured) was killed <br />
at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 <br />
bringing to a close the period <br />
of English history known as the Wars of the Roses<br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Leicester Cathedral
said it wanted the tomb to have links that would reflect the last of England's
Yorkist kings and the stone will be quarried close to where the king grew up.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The news comes amid
a legal challenge by distant relatives of the King, who have questioned the
decision to make Leicester the final resting place for his remains.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Plans for the
raised tomb, which will be carved out of finely worked Swaledale fossil
limestone and feature a deep carved cross, will now be submitted to planning
officials for a final decision.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The limestone is
quarried in Swaledale, Yorkshire, near to Middleham, where Richard III
underwent his boyhood training in knighthood and later made his home.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Set within the
cathedral's chancel, the £1.3 million project will see the tomb placed on a
floor inlaid with a large Yorkist white rose.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJiSTd9diEjN837RCjt-PkQozzp4WKOHkQCocB4Rdsd6WKnJQf1IMPfsc1MGsvGhs234O1wmp-2ZJj7VzrlBA-QqWhHHnq_-xARCOhBXDV0Vxwt1ybL9XoQ1W_WcoOraA8mC2xUMiRBxlf/s1600/untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJiSTd9diEjN837RCjt-PkQozzp4WKOHkQCocB4Rdsd6WKnJQf1IMPfsc1MGsvGhs234O1wmp-2ZJj7VzrlBA-QqWhHHnq_-xARCOhBXDV0Vxwt1ybL9XoQ1W_WcoOraA8mC2xUMiRBxlf/s1600/untitled.png" height="451" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Dean of Leicester, the Very Reverend David Monteith (centre) and The Bishop of Leicester Tim Stevens (right) pose with plans for the tomb of King Richard III in Leicester Cathedral<br /> <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2425609/Richard-III-receive-burial-fit-king--raised-tomb-York-stone-positioned-large-white-rose.html#ixzz2rj98UWEa" style="color: #003399;">http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2425609/Richard-III-receive-burial-fit-king--raised-tomb-York-stone-positioned-large-white-rose.html#ixzz2rj98UWEa</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The name of the
King, his date of birth and death, along with his personal motto <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loyaulte me Lie</i> (Loyalty binds Me) and
his boar badge will also be carved into a dark circular band around the tomb.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The project will
also see changes to internal layout, windows and lighting in the cathedral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The plans revealed
today will now be reviewed by the Cathedral Fabric Commission for England, with
a decision expected later this month.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">If all goes to
plan, the cathedral hopes the king's remains can be re-interred in a ceremony
full of pomp next year.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">But the plans also
rely on the outcome of a legal challenge from a group of distant relatives of
the king, who call themselves the Plantagenet Alliance.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">They have applied
to the High Court for a judicial review into the decision to grant the city
cathedral licence as the final resting place for the King's remains and want to
see the remains placed in York, where Richard had strong links.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Richard's remains
were discovered by archaeologists from the University of Leicester after a dig
in a city centre car park following a campaign by the Richard III Society and
with the permission of Leicester City Council, which owned the plot of ground.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Dean of
Leicester, The Very Rev David Monteith, said: 'We fully respect the process of
the Judicial Review which will ensure the procedure leading to the re-interment
is correct.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">'While this takes
its course, we must, as would any Cathedral in this position, seek planning
permission for the detailed and costly changes which need to be made to the
building.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">'The overall
concept is regal and respectful in its elegant simplicity, as befits the final
resting place of a king of England.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">'By placing the tomb
in our chancel, we are giving king Richard the same honour as did those friars
more than 500 years ago.'<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Richard III was
killed at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 bringing to a close the tumultuous
period of English history known as the Wars of the Roses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWvdFAnOFy6lu_iC7mwkzNwDt9B1xJC0ZmEtS-0PKUmThvsOIqfoE1T_HUyLME5s-JhWzmmFVBxgEdEyXAoCo0sixuLMhULil0qDSpPvE4Hay3QO3vkIQmu1R1OvWP4xxg3Y3Eht75W57F/s1600/untitle3d.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWvdFAnOFy6lu_iC7mwkzNwDt9B1xJC0ZmEtS-0PKUmThvsOIqfoE1T_HUyLME5s-JhWzmmFVBxgEdEyXAoCo0sixuLMhULil0qDSpPvE4Hay3QO3vkIQmu1R1OvWP4xxg3Y3Eht75W57F/s1600/untitle3d.png" height="299" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Richard's remains (pictured) were discovered by archaeologists from the University of Leicester after a dig in a city centre car park following a campaign by the Richard III Society and with the permission of Leicester City Council, which owned the plot of ground</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Side Bar:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">RICHARD III WAS
RIDDLED WITH ROUNDWORMS, HIS REMAINS REVEALED<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Richard III not
only had a hunchback but he also suffered from roundworm infection, research
recently revealed.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Scientists found
roundworm eggs in a soil sample taken from the pelvis of the skeleton of the
king.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Since the body of
King Richard III was found, scientists have been undertaking careful analysis
of the remains, in an attempt to shed further light on the attributes and
history of the controversial king.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A team of
researchers led by Dr Piers Mitchell, of the Department of Archaeology and
Anthropology at the University of Cambridge, used a powerful microscope to
examine soil samples taken from the skeleton’s pelvis and skull, as well as
from the soil surrounding the grave.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The microscope
revealed multiple roundworm eggs in the soil sample taken from the pelvis,
where the intestines would have been situated in life.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">However, there was
no sign of eggs in soil from the skull and very few eggs in the soil that
surrounded the grave, suggesting that the eggs found in the pelvis area
resulted from a genuine roundworm infection during his life, rather than from
external contamination by the later dumping of human waste in the area.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Dr Mitchell said:
'We would expect nobles of this period to have eaten meats such as beef, pork
and fish regularly, but there was no evidence for the eggs of the beef, pork or
fish tapeworm. This may suggest that his food was cooked thoroughly, which
would have prevented the transmission of these parasites.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Dr Jo Appleby,
lecturer in human bioarchaeology at the University of Leicester, said: 'Despite
Richard’s noble background, it appears that his lifestyle did not completely
protect him from intestinal parasite infection, which would have been very
common at the time.'<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<br />
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-86854977135776204512014-01-07T22:49:00.000-06:002015-01-06T21:22:50.869-06:00"He Truly Died Game" The Story of David O Dodd<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">January 8th will mark the 150th anniversary of the
execution of David O. Dodd.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dodd has
been hailed as a "Confederate Martyr" and the "Boy Hero of the
Confederacy."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But was this young
man truly a martyr or simply a teenage boy who was the victim of his times?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">David Owen Dodd was from an Arkansas family,
although he was born in Texas to a restless father.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Andrew Dodd took his family southwest from
their home near Benton, Arkansas to the new state of Texas in 1846.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Andrew, who was always searching for a path
to quick riches, moved his family back to Arkansas in1858 when he fell on hard
times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC5riPRbADPo-xyBEqZu5d2QxoIvb3AkQDDTd-KVxbm8JxgWi97mu0VkI19GlLRqrH2brOk3zCK8wRjDO9PHfCxyHxOIUWLI1P8sldYGWcWaYhvtQNtc9UQ4zuQCuoraSNeG97y0UaRw-k/s1600/david-dodd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC5riPRbADPo-xyBEqZu5d2QxoIvb3AkQDDTd-KVxbm8JxgWi97mu0VkI19GlLRqrH2brOk3zCK8wRjDO9PHfCxyHxOIUWLI1P8sldYGWcWaYhvtQNtc9UQ4zuQCuoraSNeG97y0UaRw-k/s1600/david-dodd.jpg" height="400" width="261" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The only known photo of David O. Dodd</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">At the beginning of the Civil War Andrew moved his
family again, this time to state capitol of Little Rock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Young David, who was described as slight in
build but handsome, attended school at St. John's College.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From all accounts he was very popular among
the young people in the city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He found
work at a telegraph office in his spare time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He could not know it then, but the skills he learned there would play a
part in his downfall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the summer of 1862, Andrew and David left the
rest of the family in Little Rock and traveled to Monroe Louisiana.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>David found employment at local telegraph
office while his father criss-crossed Louisiana and Mississippi on a series of speculative
trading schemes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By late November 1862,
Andrew had somehow secured the position as regimental sutler to the 12th
Battalion, Arkansas Sharpshooters then encamped with the Confederate Army near
Granada Mississippi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Andrew summoned his
son to Granada.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For three months, David
was left in charge of the sutler store as his father traveled across the south
buying and selling goods as part of another get rich scheme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTzAPOSxSmT8GUrrjlE997lbNbyVNnjOqACr5ipf7c8igaUES4xXzjs2rVGwJd600k3wDu_h1tgIm6zZIQonWMPqSEZIgShjA-Zqs4mT1VoX94CCBMnK7gngrooE8ifIreIN96W1GGGKda/s1600/St_Johns_f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTzAPOSxSmT8GUrrjlE997lbNbyVNnjOqACr5ipf7c8igaUES4xXzjs2rVGwJd600k3wDu_h1tgIm6zZIQonWMPqSEZIgShjA-Zqs4mT1VoX94CCBMnK7gngrooE8ifIreIN96W1GGGKda/s1600/St_Johns_f.jpg" height="296" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">St. John Masonic College, Little Rock. Where David O. Dodd attended school and would later be executed.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The spring of 1863 saw the military situation in
Mississippi deteriorate for the Confederates and US Grant began his long
campaign to capture Vicksburg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Andrew
and David headed back to Arkansas as the fighting intensified and the
Confederate Army backed itself in the trap at Vicksburg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the fall of that river fortress on July
4 1863, the Federals turned their attention to Arkansas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Little Rock fell to Federal forces under the
command of General Fredrick Steele on September 10, 1863.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF7umVBUAWZwxxhhHFiz7SmkJVc2NI-uR1o33Ld2RSGZtevQ4Hxp3SJS5joGtHtJm-KEFUPMWZiTIFXzrA3gfsZang-fEzNhlKdoE0jD0-n6eGKGrPuznhybJPclgPlilIs8rN-tx1PELM/s1600/FSteele.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Andrew again leaned on David to carry out his
responsibilities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He feared for his
safety if he crossed Union lines, so he sent David to Little Rock to escort his
mother and sisters from that city to Jackson Mississippi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>David arrived safely, but for several reasons
Mrs. Dodd decided not to make the journey to Mississippi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her son fell back into a routine in Little
Rock, reacquainting himself with old friends including several young ladies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF7umVBUAWZwxxhhHFiz7SmkJVc2NI-uR1o33Ld2RSGZtevQ4Hxp3SJS5joGtHtJm-KEFUPMWZiTIFXzrA3gfsZang-fEzNhlKdoE0jD0-n6eGKGrPuznhybJPclgPlilIs8rN-tx1PELM/s1600/FSteele.jpg" height="320" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="226" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">General Fredrick Steele<br />
Commander of the District of Arkansas</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ironically,
his experience operating a sutler store in the Confederate Army, led him to employment
working for similar establishments for the Federal forces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He worked, at various times, for the sutlers
of the 10th Illinois Cavalry, 1st Missouri Cavalry and later the 43rd Illinois
Infantry, all regiments quartered in Little Rock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Through these establishments, David made
several friends in the Union regiments that occupied the capitol city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">By early December 1863, Andrew Dodd finally gathered
his nerve and came to Little Rock to retrieve his family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His stay was short, only long enough to load
his family and some belongings in a wagon and start south to Camden Arkansas,
where most of the Confederate Army in Arkansas was operating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Soon after arriving in Camden, Andrew Dodd cooked-up
a new financial scheme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The War had
disrupted tobacco production and trade in the south.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was sure that prices would rise
tremendously as the War dragged on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
hoped to buy up large supplies of tobacco and hoard it until the market
demanded premium prices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, he lacked
the funds to finance his idea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Back to
Little Rock, he sent David where he was to meet with Andrew's old business
acquaintances who might invest in the venture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To pass back out of Southern lines, David required a
pass from the Confederate military.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Andrew procured just such a pass for David along with an affidavit
proving his age and place of birth (at age 17, David was not yet of age to be
conscripted into the Rebel Army.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
traveled north, passed un-noticed through the Federal lines and entered the
city on Christmas Eve.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeTKCZzEDPBVlKO8X2gd_iKw1Sbebz3ncX8Nrrr0DlyyQRtOkoLGShI3_-oSpKj7pJ1KUDH62hrd6z_Z7Ge6CxrvjnEh-LEe0GS_A0R1Uvu84lCrY4al9RzbmJ-K51_Y3H949VotCC1nm6/s1600/AR_Fagan_James.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeTKCZzEDPBVlKO8X2gd_iKw1Sbebz3ncX8Nrrr0DlyyQRtOkoLGShI3_-oSpKj7pJ1KUDH62hrd6z_Z7Ge6CxrvjnEh-LEe0GS_A0R1Uvu84lCrY4al9RzbmJ-K51_Y3H949VotCC1nm6/s1600/AR_Fagan_James.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">David immediately delivered the letters concerning the
tobacco venture to his fathers business associates and then went to his aunt's
home where he was to lodge during his stay.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On Christmas day he visited Mary Dodge, daughter of Dr R.L. Dodge delivering
letter to her for his sisters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mary and
David then spent the day visiting other young people in the city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The day after Christmas, David attended a
party where he escorted Miss Minerva Cogburn home after the festivities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had planned on leaving for Camden on the
afternoon of December 28, but instead stayed one more night to attend yet another
holiday party with a young lady named Mary Swindle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeTKCZzEDPBVlKO8X2gd_iKw1Sbebz3ncX8Nrrr0DlyyQRtOkoLGShI3_-oSpKj7pJ1KUDH62hrd6z_Z7Ge6CxrvjnEh-LEe0GS_A0R1Uvu84lCrY4al9RzbmJ-K51_Y3H949VotCC1nm6/s1600/AR_Fagan_James.jpg" height="320" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="195" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CS General James Fagan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">David mounted his mule and set out for Camden on
December 29th along the road to Benton know as the Stagecoach Road at the time,
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>now known as Colonel Glenn Road. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A picket of the 1st Missouri Cavalry stopped
him eight miles from town, near where David O. Dodd Elementary School stands
today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He produced a pass which he had
obtained from the Union Provost Marshal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The soldier inspected his pass and then confiscated it explaining that
he would no longer need it as was leaving Union lines and there were no more
picket posts further ahead.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The next stop was the home of David's uncle,
Washington Dodd.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There he retrieved a
small pistol and some other belongs that he was to transport to his father in
Camden.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He set off again but was surprised
by another picket post of the 1st Missouri Cavalry - a picket post that was not
suppose to be there according the soldier who confiscated his pass.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">When no pass could be produced, the soldiers
searched David, found the pistol and a note book with a curious series of dots
and dashes - Morse code.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An officer
there recognized the code and was just literate enough in Morse to decipher
descriptions of troops strengths and locations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A further search revealed his Confederate pass and his birth
certificate. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The soldiers arrested
David.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The next morning an escort took David to the
headquarters of General John B. Davidson, then the garrison commander of Little
Rock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Davidson immediately called for a
telegrapher and Captain Robert C. Clowrey (future president of the Western
Union Telegraph Company) to decipher the code.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Captain Clowrey began to read:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><em>"3rd Ohio Battery has 4 guns -brass. <o:p></o:p></em></span></div>
<em>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">11th Ohio Battery has 6 guns -brass<o:p></o:p></span></em><br />
<em>
</em><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><em>Three brigades of Cavalry in a Division. Three in a
brigade, brigade commanded by Davidson. <o:p></o:p></em></span></div>
<em>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Infantry: 1st has 3 regiments. 2nd Brigade has 3
regiments, one on detached -1 Battery 4 pieces Parrots Guns. <o:p></o:p></span></em><br />
<em>
</em><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><em>Brig. General Solomon Commands a Division, two
brigades in a Division; three regiments in one brigade. Two in the Two
Batteries in the Division."<o:p></o:p></em></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the letters being carried home to one of the
Dodd sisters ended with a question.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><em>"I
shall be very anxious to hear how Davie got through.</em>"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>David also possessed a pass from Confederate
Colonel Crawford.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seventeen year old
David O. Dodd was arrested and charged with being a spy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">David's trial began on December 31 1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The president of the military commission
conducting he trial was General John M. Thayer whose post war career would
include US Senator, Governor of Nebraska and Governor of the Wyoming Territory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The commission was made up of various
regimental commanders from the occupying forces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two prominent local lawyers, T.N. W. Yonley
and William M. Fishback (later governor of Arkansas) volunteered to provide a
defense for the young man.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF5nwdPtzddoI5cS9XRJ_sYrFko-BSSP2hr64A25y3ojn2lL6rXxhLbfsMBDC0DfR7XfshQn1nGOA4uATFrgFG7djhP5WX2uH4akBHj76rpi3XxoFLV79N-6b3r4MQYhGQFifDjLpXE7Uy/s1600/thayer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF5nwdPtzddoI5cS9XRJ_sYrFko-BSSP2hr64A25y3ojn2lL6rXxhLbfsMBDC0DfR7XfshQn1nGOA4uATFrgFG7djhP5WX2uH4akBHj76rpi3XxoFLV79N-6b3r4MQYhGQFifDjLpXE7Uy/s1600/thayer.jpg" height="320" width="270" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">General John M. Thayer</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Dmuyh4n0dV5PKrL_NxJZA_Hztk_DlZbRQDi0YbJwU5mSQFlns68cQnJ4ZKnSIvzNHl64KMy39myVgVPVZdW_5r1GgoHs1EuIRSLNiH5h9GLOH00LVbuC0yd37OSd2paxLrqdXYdBpFLb/s1600/AR_Gov_William_Meade_Fishback.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Dmuyh4n0dV5PKrL_NxJZA_Hztk_DlZbRQDi0YbJwU5mSQFlns68cQnJ4ZKnSIvzNHl64KMy39myVgVPVZdW_5r1GgoHs1EuIRSLNiH5h9GLOH00LVbuC0yd37OSd2paxLrqdXYdBpFLb/s1600/AR_Gov_William_Meade_Fishback.jpg" height="320" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">William M. Fishback</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The trial progressed over two days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yonley and Fishback realized that the
evidence against their client was overwhelming and developed a plea arraignment
which stipulated that Dodd would swear an oath of allegiance to the US which
would grant him a pardon as stipulated in a Proclamation of Amnesty the
President Lincoln had issued earlier in the month.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The commission deliberated and ruled that
the Proclamation did not apply in cases of espionage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The defense fell on the mercy of the court
providing witnesses who testified to David's good character and solid
record.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>David even submitted a written
appeal that stated in part:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><em>"I have just entered upon the threshold of
life; and in the midst of its green fields and inviting flowers, I have not had
either the time or the inclination to dream of treason and of stratagem. . . Above
all, Oh My Judges, will you hear the of my mother's words prophetic of my own
emotions. She has rejoiced I was a minor, and unable to bear arms against the
flag of the Union."<o:p></o:p></em></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The commission could deliver no other finding than
guilty, although the members of the commission may have been unaware that they
had no control of the punishment brought on by their sentence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The verdict was guilty and the sentence was
hanging.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The US Congress had passed a
law that required capital punishment for all acts of espionage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>General Fredrick Steele, commander of the
District of Arkansas, had no choice but approve the sentence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>David O. Dodd was sentence to die by hanging
on January 8, 1864.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">By mid day on January 8 people started to gather on
the parade grounds of St. John's Masonic College, where David had attended
classes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A simple scaffold with two tall
posts and a cross bar were erected.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Earlier that morning David asked to see General Steele and the old
soldier visited the young man at the military prison.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There David made one last plea and explained
that Confederate General James F. Fagan had required him to gather intelligence
in exchange for passage through the lines to Little Rock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(General Fagan later denied ever speaking
with David.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Steele was powerless to
change the sentence, however.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The boy wrote one
last letter to his family.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><em>Military Prison<o:p></o:p></em></span></div>
<em>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Little Rock, January 8 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1030 o'clock am 1864<o:p></o:p></span></em><br />
<em>
</em><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">My Dear Parents and Sisters <o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
<em>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I was arrested as a Spy and tried and was Sentenced
to be hung today at 3 o'clock <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the time
is fast approaching but thank God I am prepared to die <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I expect to meet you all in heaven<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>do weep
for me for I will be better off in heaven <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I will soon be out of this world of sorrow
and trouble <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would like to see you all
before I die but let Gods will be done not ours <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I pray to God to give you strength to bear
your troubles while in this world <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I hope
God will receive you all in heaven <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mother
I know it will hard for you to give up your only son but you must remember it
is Gods will <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></em><br />
<em>
</em><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Good by God will give you strength to bear your
troubles <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I pray that we may meet in
heaven <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Good by <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>God will bless you all your Son and brother<o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
<em>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">David O. Dodd<o:p></o:p></span></em><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A hollow square of soldiers formed around the
scaffold.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> A </span>regiment on each side
were assembled to witness the execution and to provide security should the
crowd of six thousand civilians create trouble.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Little Rock only recorded four thousand inhabitant in the 1860 census,
but the war had swelled the town to bursting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It seemed that everyone in town turned out for the event, all except
David's close friends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most could not
bear the spectacle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Just before 3:00 pm a wagon rolled into the hollow
square of soldiers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>David rode in the
back, seated on his own coffin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
tailgate of the wagon was lowered directly under the scaffold and the boy was asked
to stand upon it as the noose was fitted around his neck and his arms tied
behind his back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The executioner patted
his pockets and fumbled about looking for a misplaced blindfold.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>David politely offered:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"<em>You will find a handkerchief in my
coat</em>."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The hushed crowd watched as
the youth stood with perfect calmness and dignity. With David's own handkerchief
tied around his eyes, the executioner cut the rope holding up the
tailgate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">David O. Dodd was not a tall boy, but the rope began
to stretch and his toes touched the ground.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>several soldiers rushed to pull up the rope to prevent a lingering
death, but by then his neck had broken.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One soldier who witnessed the execution wrote later:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"<em>David O. Dodd met the king of terrors
with a perfect coolness I never saw equaled</em>." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another remarked: "<em>I never saw a man so
determined in my life, and he truly died game."<o:p></o:p></em></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Much has been written about David O. Dodd through
the years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of the stories were
embellished or contrived by Southern apologists to promote his image as a
Confederate Martyr.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of the most
repeated is that General Steele offered him freedom if he would reveal his
source of information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Steele had no
power to offer such a deal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another
story suggests that one of the three young ladies he visited in town gave him
the information, but he would not betray her to the Federals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many other erroneous accounts attribute
Nathan Hale style speeches to him at the time of his hanging, words that no one
present ever recorded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No one can doubt,
however that David O. Dodd went to his death with extreme dignity and courage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">David did not need a secret source for the information
to smuggle out of Little Rock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It could have been gathered in simple conversation with the Union
soldiers in town that he had befriended.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His time serving as a sutler in the Confederate Army would have given
him enough basic understanding of military organizations to be able to ask
simple questions without attracting too much attention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think a better question is what his motivation
may have been and why he chose to take the risk of gathering intelligence and
crossing the lines with it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More
importantly, once he decided to do so, why was he so clumsy in his methods?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>David took all that to the grave with him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mount Holly Cemetery was the most prominent cemetery
in Little Rock at the time of the War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
wealthy donor offered up a plot there for the young man, and the citizens of
the town collected funds to provide a substantial memorial to him in the immediate
post war years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The inscription to him
is repeated very fittingly in Morse code.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Each year, the Sons of Confederate Veterans and the United Daughters of
the Confederacy hold a special memorial ceremony for him at Mount Holly.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoARJwcAypYLmzdraUewAoRe0iw2kSQW8xZUfqTVlAppDrw3mI70uRO4q-z0ZFI4Eg8qsr_-m71nRT50mwRCEmHFNFvk6UDEf5chTiWo4kTCBxSEhp7N0GAUPoc-gUAQrwmCIlnrlWA41N/s1600/dodddavidowen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoARJwcAypYLmzdraUewAoRe0iw2kSQW8xZUfqTVlAppDrw3mI70uRO4q-z0ZFI4Eg8qsr_-m71nRT50mwRCEmHFNFvk6UDEf5chTiWo4kTCBxSEhp7N0GAUPoc-gUAQrwmCIlnrlWA41N/s1600/dodddavidowen.jpg" height="640" width="444" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The memorial to David O. Dodd at Mount Holly Cemetery. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The inscription is repeated in Morse code</span>.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFyW0fqwelE_ric0anYE5C7HVQ6h5VP2dr3cw6-wt_2rGafabV7jtyL_F7MRYhibsLz2YEC5ktwg-LW-C97qSFNipztjyilZdRx2eHE9mhDP5cRZr80ikQXdcnsfBXk6vd7H5J5uJ1WbSE/s1600/617px-David_Owen_Dodd_-_Grave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFyW0fqwelE_ric0anYE5C7HVQ6h5VP2dr3cw6-wt_2rGafabV7jtyL_F7MRYhibsLz2YEC5ktwg-LW-C97qSFNipztjyilZdRx2eHE9mhDP5cRZr80ikQXdcnsfBXk6vd7H5J5uJ1WbSE/s1600/617px-David_Owen_Dodd_-_Grave.jpg" height="311" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Inscription on the foot of the memorial. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The citizens of Little Rock collected funds for this memorial after the Civil War</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">You
can read a more detailed account of David O. Dodd here:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.harding.edu/jndockery/Harding/HIST_336_files/FISCHER%20DAVID%20O.pdf">http://www.harding.edu/jndockery/Harding/HIST_336_files/FISCHER%20DAVID%20O.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-34116564460377085392013-12-13T20:41:00.000-06:002013-12-13T21:42:08.629-06:00Stokesay Castle - To Protect Against the Marauding Welsh<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Stokesay
Castle is one of my favorite castles in the United Kingdom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is also the smallest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Its remarkable preservation is what makes this jewel special. </span>The castle, which is actually
a heavily fortified manor house sits near the Welsh border in western
Shropshire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The valley where it is
situated was one the major thoroughfares across the Welsh Marches were bands of Welsh sometimes crossed
the border to prey on English farms and manors.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The
castle complex now consists of a tower keep, a great hall, a curtain wall that
surrounds about one acre and a curious Tudor style gate house that was added in
the 1600s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately, several small
out buildings within the curtain walls have been lost to time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stone foundations in the soil mark where they
once stood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The level of preservation of
this remarkable place is for two reasons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>First is the poverty that owners endured in the years after the Civil
War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That lack of funds did not allow
remodeling or changes that occurred in more affluent manors through the years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second is the foresight of the Allcroft
family who purchased Stokesay in 1896.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They took enormous care to restore and preserve the castle in its
original form, although the retained the gate house and other additions that
date from Tudor times.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwtW31EmTdAQCX3HsQ3CgNIh2KUTzHzBi0tVxcNEEJt_QsiVP-XQw_WgWY-Cc1g2difl_lJ8KLfMY0-D1mQK3O6KIAgrfATQlAnvHlZCcczHWG3n5jnDi7VyoQoKv4fHz1Rd_MXe5jK4fV/s1600/Stokesay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwtW31EmTdAQCX3HsQ3CgNIh2KUTzHzBi0tVxcNEEJt_QsiVP-XQw_WgWY-Cc1g2difl_lJ8KLfMY0-D1mQK3O6KIAgrfATQlAnvHlZCcczHWG3n5jnDi7VyoQoKv4fHz1Rd_MXe5jK4fV/s640/Stokesay.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stokesay Castle is really a 13th Century fortified manor house. The tower was constructed in 1240 by the de Say family. The tower was built in a village known as South Stoke. This was later added to the family name - Stoke-de-Say. It was a wild and lawless time on the border in those years hence the need for the tower and a small moat around the whole village. Work on a Norman church was also began at the same time.</span> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">From: Castles From the Air: An Aerial Portrait of Britain's Finest Castles.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The following is
from the English Heritage web site for Stokesay Castle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More information and additional photographs
can be found there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stokesay-castle/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Stokesay Castle is
quite simply the finest and best preserved fortified medieval manor house in
England. Set in peaceful countryside near the Welsh border, the castle,
timber-framed gatehouse and parish church form an unforgettably picturesque
group. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNkudDPJYT9XcCf7TCsCtu-b81K5_ULOxG-g-fkddNx0pvDwX73xHxdizQWU0hvnxC6yRNdpmUsP76xVCVeRRiqbrOfgloYSRKJjpqriycBaAsN-zch2-dtWF8bsLArJIlWlnv85OS5RCF/s1600/1000889_476624885752190_199612577_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNkudDPJYT9XcCf7TCsCtu-b81K5_ULOxG-g-fkddNx0pvDwX73xHxdizQWU0hvnxC6yRNdpmUsP76xVCVeRRiqbrOfgloYSRKJjpqriycBaAsN-zch2-dtWF8bsLArJIlWlnv85OS5RCF/s640/1000889_476624885752190_199612577_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lawrence of Ludlow purchased the property in 1291 and began to fortify the manor in earnest. He added a great hall, and received permission from Edward I to crenelate (build curtain walls). The curtain wall enclosed the courtyard and rose 30 feet above the moat. During the Civil War, Parliamentarian Forces captured the castle and destroyed the defensive crenelations on the wall.) Lawrence of Ludlow's family lived at Stokelay for 300 years. This illustration from the English Heritage web site shows how Stokesay may have looked during Lawrence of Ludlow's time.</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Lawrence of Ludlow,
a wealthy local wool-merchant wishing to set up as a country gentleman, bought
the property in 1281, when the long Anglo-Welsh wars were ending. So it was
safe to raise here one of the first fortified manor houses in England, 'builded
like a castle' for effect but lit by large domestic-style windows. Extensive
recent tree-ring dating confirms that Lawrence had completed virtually all of
the still surviving house by 1291, using the same team of carpenters
throughout: more remarkably, the dating also revealed that it has scarcely been
altered since.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6HJ-S8v_yLVJGvcQo4f2idr54D6CfSBbbIZKDpaI_3rVEydpvJYZy8zNsXUAPUmJ0jliynElkdT7JTLYv89_7URkW26w_mjbsN3WPV4PLoNT4QaZKdHAb9w3kA3_xJ08nc5h84b7kFg3y/s1600/1014436_491464924268186_471562950_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6HJ-S8v_yLVJGvcQo4f2idr54D6CfSBbbIZKDpaI_3rVEydpvJYZy8zNsXUAPUmJ0jliynElkdT7JTLYv89_7URkW26w_mjbsN3WPV4PLoNT4QaZKdHAb9w3kA3_xJ08nc5h84b7kFg3y/s640/1014436_491464924268186_471562950_n.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The stone stairway in the 60 foot tower is unusual in that it wind down clockwise instead of counterclockwise. Most are done in the opposite manner so a right handed defender can more easily wield his sword. Photo by author.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiRlNZuwY-6WozgCb-6aej1GsW6_ISwhG9ZF-WSN0l4SE-4THlDemVu0EPoynNALaXyOTNfATaJm_sDLG3h-nNvxX6IPBEiLlOZBJ_7LFOgG1nDyGmzbS_wQYK4BsFCh1Ez6RC9Ax5L_ix/s1600/arrowslit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiRlNZuwY-6WozgCb-6aej1GsW6_ISwhG9ZF-WSN0l4SE-4THlDemVu0EPoynNALaXyOTNfATaJm_sDLG3h-nNvxX6IPBEiLlOZBJ_7LFOgG1nDyGmzbS_wQYK4BsFCh1Ez6RC9Ax5L_ix/s640/arrowslit.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">An arrow slit defends the moat with a view west to the Welsh border. Photo by author</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Stokesay's
magnificent open hearthed great hall displays a fine timber roof, shuttered
gable windows and a precipitous staircase, its treads cut from whole
tree-trunks. It is flanked by the north tower, with an original medieval tiled
floor and remains of wall painting, and a 'solar' or private apartment block,
and beyond this the tall south tower - the most castle-like part of the house,
self-contained and reached by a defensible stairway. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimpaWUxb4RbqvtFSKJLG38BFlWlRsIjVaLpLuc7T17E3uG4QjY_4sZgmadwEazHCpS-1FFPGcicE2_FUO0oSztms03uWiyKqi80PV8uRqaOk514ilYu4H53d3BcvpNmwGuP2UneRfE6Yy4/s1600/Greathall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimpaWUxb4RbqvtFSKJLG38BFlWlRsIjVaLpLuc7T17E3uG4QjY_4sZgmadwEazHCpS-1FFPGcicE2_FUO0oSztms03uWiyKqi80PV8uRqaOk514ilYu4H53d3BcvpNmwGuP2UneRfE6Yy4/s640/Greathall.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Great Hall adjacent to the Tower Keep. The hall was were most manor business was conducted, meal taken, guests lodged and where servants slept. It has been alter little since it was built in 1291. As is normal for that time frame, there is not fireplace or hearth. An open fire was usually built on the floor in the middle of the hall. Large Gothic windows open to the courtyard to let in light. Photo by author.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCR1fw4b0nGqdrEmglUjTTDOXULejne2syAP_4qG1tqik2C6ajcyrQQLOUF-CT1q9O-fwl_ipi0scUrp5Stog3w8UGn6CoAVgkmNr7y76yC6TT2dqk6g0pw8oFM5LhlCjDdb52yJxy1sfl/s1600/Ceiling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCR1fw4b0nGqdrEmglUjTTDOXULejne2syAP_4qG1tqik2C6ajcyrQQLOUF-CT1q9O-fwl_ipi0scUrp5Stog3w8UGn6CoAVgkmNr7y76yC6TT2dqk6g0pw8oFM5LhlCjDdb52yJxy1sfl/s400/Ceiling.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Inside the Great Hall. The oak timber rafters are original as is most of the slate roofing. Photo by author.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-BbPYqIocLURowOVYWrTe-oFcmf0eGjlzpCU-RGOnl7sp1HIG8kgJTygzFLM15-ldhpFuCNE52JuHgku1-SLlaIXElW4EZi5gHxdsmeeLZIT4YkzxvvTmsvg6SE2yHDThpF32gAWEGbpc/s1600/969521_486917118056300_810592183_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-BbPYqIocLURowOVYWrTe-oFcmf0eGjlzpCU-RGOnl7sp1HIG8kgJTygzFLM15-ldhpFuCNE52JuHgku1-SLlaIXElW4EZi5gHxdsmeeLZIT4YkzxvvTmsvg6SE2yHDThpF32gAWEGbpc/s640/969521_486917118056300_810592183_n.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">View from inside the Great Hall across the courtyard to the Gate House. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The door still has its giant iron reinforced oaken door. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Photo from: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stokesay-castle/<o:p></o:p></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhntxbxcfnembjtEXvYmTMRj2B5MxpwsJC82ODiUZUjczvgLz7cY67Ht8yEPL_gX1g-mCIkzcFZFQjSIQJ1wyuKPPdJ967uRJxP7pxEdT3I-xhH0fRonufx0QUI9eZPVOf-nvWfyEP5Tna6/s1600/942551_467877096626969_771672719_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhntxbxcfnembjtEXvYmTMRj2B5MxpwsJC82ODiUZUjczvgLz7cY67Ht8yEPL_gX1g-mCIkzcFZFQjSIQJ1wyuKPPdJ967uRJxP7pxEdT3I-xhH0fRonufx0QUI9eZPVOf-nvWfyEP5Tna6/s400/942551_467877096626969_771672719_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">An opposite view across the Great Hall to the stairs to the living quarters.</span> <span style="font-size: small;">Photo from: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stokesay-castle/<o:p></o:p></span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The solar block
contains one of the few post-medieval alterations to the house, a fine panelled
chamber. Its dominating feature is a fireplace with a richly carved overmantel,
still bearing the traces of original painting in five colours. This was added
in about 1641, at the same time as the truly delightful gatehouse: an example
of the Marches style of lavishly showy timber-framing, bedecked with charming
carvings of Adam and Eve. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9_9YuS_m5JR9cK8c6XH-VeQbQx5mHp047qlGssYb3Rx_y4R7lE0x7e5vKyE-M44SAeWL_PPaQAZD20_G9UPEB9-eP3VMvNKwCkURpZfCKaJFcBbH7lHdk4byRELYnIa_20ByAHlXZKWPD/s1600/486668_463895697025109_2007988612_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9_9YuS_m5JR9cK8c6XH-VeQbQx5mHp047qlGssYb3Rx_y4R7lE0x7e5vKyE-M44SAeWL_PPaQAZD20_G9UPEB9-eP3VMvNKwCkURpZfCKaJFcBbH7lHdk4byRELYnIa_20ByAHlXZKWPD/s640/486668_463895697025109_2007988612_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Solar. This room is in between the Great Hall and the Tower. This is where the Lady of the manor and her hand maids would have spent their time, sewing, embroidering and gossipping. These type room were called solars because they normally provided good light through large windows. Photo from: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stokesay-castle/<o:p></o:p></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcTS-GbkShQKnynCCtRxn7GMuP7i0HkzWuUXObuAy5Jguar70oCz6wZtK_ulxgwzwRT2rYRK7VhHPkeUe3SAptjDsHxTPodFp30kJ8SSjWqS10bgoj131lgVh7F65LZKReVOyHB2lzA3l0/s1600/Mantal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcTS-GbkShQKnynCCtRxn7GMuP7i0HkzWuUXObuAy5Jguar70oCz6wZtK_ulxgwzwRT2rYRK7VhHPkeUe3SAptjDsHxTPodFp30kJ8SSjWqS10bgoj131lgVh7F65LZKReVOyHB2lzA3l0/s640/Mantal.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">This Amazing carved mantle was added to the solar during upgrades to the living quarters in the 17th Century. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Photo by author.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhuu9QiWERUC4Zg2n_XE_hs297Kc4-k4IognMc2rfGlVbrIFZ30byOPPevwXXukhc6AYpgrU5aFJLzZp_Rnksp9wCxGO4HLHm-Kvg59bhpekiip4RIvL2n2zzcd9LsekvRLFMZtzWBT9Gw/s1600/additions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhuu9QiWERUC4Zg2n_XE_hs297Kc4-k4IognMc2rfGlVbrIFZ30byOPPevwXXukhc6AYpgrU5aFJLzZp_Rnksp9wCxGO4HLHm-Kvg59bhpekiip4RIvL2n2zzcd9LsekvRLFMZtzWBT9Gw/s640/additions.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Before the 17th Century additions, a smaller defense tower was positioned at the south end of the Great Hall. In the 1640s it was converted to living quarters. The top of the tower did not offer enough floor space, so these added apartments seem to hang from the side of the structure. Photo by author.</span><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio2OnqJmJXnfxzUxl24GXGHz4T25w0gK5o8BGSkFMy2NwD4CidMchEBLrTOrKxSTUMOMhsAD2xvM5dJlM3cN0Fd4D-CJMo1LhuNI-_pCCrm0a1xKacyXpjP-ZoUk_j_GH7QD7PelpqrwcE/s1600/GateHouse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio2OnqJmJXnfxzUxl24GXGHz4T25w0gK5o8BGSkFMy2NwD4CidMchEBLrTOrKxSTUMOMhsAD2xvM5dJlM3cN0Fd4D-CJMo1LhuNI-_pCCrm0a1xKacyXpjP-ZoUk_j_GH7QD7PelpqrwcE/s640/GateHouse.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Gate House entrance to Stokesay was added along with other improvements in the 17th Century. It seem out of place next to the 13th Century buildings, but adds a unique charm. Photo by author.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlPbC2EcWe8gSeHILVtlB808BjJz_byfz61gDFoUU7ilu8VQqUnkMXwDOIZHgv6Sq19iPJWits4IpwsnXcvWYpkO66cCicA7nDEJR6TvhXx-pCk0pAaukta7ym_oh2xaezMNsmb4HiVmn3/s1600/gatehouse2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlPbC2EcWe8gSeHILVtlB808BjJz_byfz61gDFoUU7ilu8VQqUnkMXwDOIZHgv6Sq19iPJWits4IpwsnXcvWYpkO66cCicA7nDEJR6TvhXx-pCk0pAaukta7ym_oh2xaezMNsmb4HiVmn3/s640/gatehouse2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The 17th Century Gate House from the top of the Tower. Photo by author.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPOH-G5N247gmbrupZL-Hh1Q93bT3N9iyofq7ElKyIyjwWpnbT_B9qV5bzblnfqb1ZbaJCT288rZ7oj5X_me92b9nWEU35suDU4BCb5x2fqfClGQk4RfdTfD3R1L5ThgyIX5-fLgunyJwV/s1600/Carving.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPOH-G5N247gmbrupZL-Hh1Q93bT3N9iyofq7ElKyIyjwWpnbT_B9qV5bzblnfqb1ZbaJCT288rZ7oj5X_me92b9nWEU35suDU4BCb5x2fqfClGQk4RfdTfD3R1L5ThgyIX5-fLgunyJwV/s640/Carving.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">One of the many 17th Century wood carvings that still decorate the Gate House. Photo by author</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A few years later,
in 1645 Stokesay experienced its only known military encounter, surrendering
without fighting to a Parliamentarian force. So the house remained undamaged,
and sensitive conservation by Victorian owners and English Heritage have left
it the medieval jewel which survives today. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrbAAvybPCHIGgVVurygWfRqpBv29eCXBgcC_Ysk-dOYDumQoSvHOwt-8NBHkNy4cVtqprxu7BeC-ROi0pmgcDwMkBIhgkUdV9tR7Bb4y_DghWQfEKtunh2X-mhoaeJmvU79CWw_eLeW6E/s1600/936880_460459990702013_801762024_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrbAAvybPCHIGgVVurygWfRqpBv29eCXBgcC_Ysk-dOYDumQoSvHOwt-8NBHkNy4cVtqprxu7BeC-ROi0pmgcDwMkBIhgkUdV9tR7Bb4y_DghWQfEKtunh2X-mhoaeJmvU79CWw_eLeW6E/s640/936880_460459990702013_801762024_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">No visit to any English Heritage site is complete without a spot of tea, and a scone, jam and clotted cream!</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-21165427000105055392013-11-26T20:27:00.000-06:002013-11-26T21:06:54.379-06:00My Sorrow Knows No Limit<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></i><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">In 2000 a unique archaeological
find in Andong City Korean captured the imagination of the Korean people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The archaeological site was a tomb with a
remarkably preserved mummy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At 5 foot 9 inches
he was tall for his people, especially in his day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His dark hair and dark mustache were still intact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eung-Tae died in 1586, four hundred and twenty
seven years ago.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #f3f3f3;">
</span><br />
<span style="color: #f3f3f3;"></span><br />
<span style="color: #f3f3f3;"></span><br />
<span style="color: #f3f3f3;"></span><br />
<span style="color: #f3f3f3;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkohWrI1xYAORCVOJS-MBTz4Zb8tOCWEUiD_vZoYtL1vL8Tp0kq2UVF1Q5Eiy3ec4YkRcznuyQbx7ayjVKuBQjvuu7br40-Z-zQ6CUnHSGqlvgnXZA8N8gP1Yrfj3fAeOBzS6FThp_21gA/s1600/korea2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkohWrI1xYAORCVOJS-MBTz4Zb8tOCWEUiD_vZoYtL1vL8Tp0kq2UVF1Q5Eiy3ec4YkRcznuyQbx7ayjVKuBQjvuu7br40-Z-zQ6CUnHSGqlvgnXZA8N8gP1Yrfj3fAeOBzS6FThp_21gA/s400/korea2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Archaeologists in Andong City, South Korea, unwrap cloth covering the
<br />
16th-century mummy of Eung-tae, a member of Korea's ancient Goseong Yi clan. <br />
<a href="http://archive.archaeology.org/1003/abstracts/korea.html">http://archive.archaeology.org/1003/abstracts/korea.html</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">A well preserved mummy is a rare
find in Korea, but what was found with him is what has captivated the imagination
of the Korean people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thirteen letters
and notes addressed to Eung-Tae were found with him in his tomb, all written by his
pregnant wife whose identity had been lost.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #f3f3f3;">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">These poignant
notes remind us that the human heart is timeless.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It knows no cultural, geographical or generational
bounds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The emotions that this young
wife pours from her heart into her eulogies remind us that our ancestors and the
people who lived in the past did so with real heart and real emotion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were not simply characters in a history
book. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">One note was found
on a paper bundle containing a pair of sandals woven from the grieving<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>widow's hair. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She wrote: “with my hair I weave this” and
“before you were even able to wear it.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #f3f3f3;">
</span><br />
<span style="color: #f3f3f3;"></span><br />
<span style="color: #f3f3f3;"></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcNRspPqrlaChabMzZSOFz9_Dtc2pFaGn8Y92pmQOuQEmqDTItmPNshCSHgwaA3r_BxkfJhyphenhyphenytnBEzTZ9EMl-6Obx5XeQf9g0VMABBdNx6t-EGZ1e2qAfDxGb0k5R2o3EE0_6iPVvaJZPF/s1600/7943632404_70ca782645_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcNRspPqrlaChabMzZSOFz9_Dtc2pFaGn8Y92pmQOuQEmqDTItmPNshCSHgwaA3r_BxkfJhyphenhyphenytnBEzTZ9EMl-6Obx5XeQf9g0VMABBdNx6t-EGZ1e2qAfDxGb0k5R2o3EE0_6iPVvaJZPF/s400/7943632404_70ca782645_o.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The sandals woven from Eung-Tae's bride from her own hair <br />
<a href="http://web2.uconn.edu/strawsandals/?p=372">http://web2.uconn.edu/strawsandals/?p=372</a><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">Of all the notes
left to Eung-Tae, the one lovingly laid upon his chest is the one most remembered. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The translation to English from archaic Korean
has diminished the poetry that was once in the lines, but the love and loss is still very clear.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<em><span style="font-size: large;">To Won's Father<br />
<br />
June 1, 1586<br />
<br />
You always said, "Dear, let's live together until our hair turns gray and
die on the same day." How could you pass away without me? Who should I and
our little boy listen to and how should we live? How could you go ahead of me?<br />
<br />
How did you bring your heart to me and how did I bring my heart to you?
Whenever we lay down together you always told me, "Dear, do other people
cherish and love each other like we do? Are they really like us?" How
could you leave all that behind and go ahead of me?<br />
<br />
I just cannot live without you. I just want to go to you. Please take me to
where you are. My feelings toward you I cannot forget in this world and my
sorrow knows no limit. Where would I put my heart in now and how can I live
with the child missing you?<br />
<br />
Please look at this letter and tell me in detail in my dreams. Because I want
to listen to your saying in detail in my dreams I write this letter and put it
in. Look closely and talk to me.<br />
<br />
When I give birth to the child in me, who should it call father? Can anyone
fathom how I feel? There is no tragedy like this under the sky.<br />
<br />
You are just in another place, and not in such a deep grief as I am. There is
no limit and end to my sorrows that I write roughly. Please look closely at
this letter and come to me in my dreams and show yourself in detail and tell
me. I believe I can see you in my dreams. Come to me secretly and show
yourself. There is no limit to what I want to say and I stop here.</span></em><br />
<em></em><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://archive.archaeology.org/1003/abstracts/images/korea1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="369" src="http://archive.archaeology.org/1003/abstracts/images/korea1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A photo of the love letter to Eung-Tae. From: <a href="http://archive.archaeology.org/1003/abstracts/korea.html">http://archive.archaeology.org/1003/abstracts/korea.html</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<em></em><br />
<em><o:p></o:p></em> </div>
M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-4686726868009697242013-11-08T10:49:00.000-06:002013-11-08T10:49:21.946-06:00America's Largest Mass Grave<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This story is a bit of a departure from my usual
postings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hart Island is not an
archaeological site and not a tourist destination. (Although it has the
potential to become both someday.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
a historic site on many levels, but it is not appreciated or interpreted as
such.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I had never heard of Hart Island,
and evidently that is true even for most New Yorkers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> "Mass Grave" may be an overstatement as each burial was in individual coffins. However, the graves are dug in "mass" fashion with long trenches to hold hundreds of bodies at a time. </span>I find this story fascinating and re-blog it
in its entirety below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Re-Blogged from: <a href="http://gizmodo.com/what-we-found-at-hart-island-the-largest-mass-grave-in-1460171716"><span style="color: windowtext;">h<span style="color: blue;">ttp://gizmodo.com/what-we-found-at-hart-island-the-largest-mass-grave-in-1460171716</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">What We Found at Hart Island, The Largest Mass Grave Site in the U.S.</span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">By - Kelsey Campbell-Dollaghan, <span class="meta-info3">November 7,
2013</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It’s a place where few living New Yorkers have ever
set foot, but nearly a million dead ones reside: Hart Island, the United
States’ largest mass grave, which has been closed to the public for 35 years.
It is difficult to visit and off-limits to photographers. But that may be about
to change, as a debate roils over the city’s treatment of the unclaimed dead.
Never heard of Hart? You’re not alone—and that’s part of the problem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hart
Island is a thin, half-mile long blip of land at the yawning mouth of Long Island
Sound, just across the water from City Island in the Bronx. Depending on who
you ask, it was named either for its organ-like shape or for the deer (or hart)
that thrived here after trekking across the frozen sound in the 18th century.
Hart is dense with history; it’s been used as a prison for Confederate
soldiers, a workhouse for the poor, a women's asylum, and a Nike missile base
during the Cold War.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Its most important role has been
to serve as what’s known as a potter’s field, a common gravesite for the city’s
unknown dead. Some 900,000 New Yorkers (or adopted New Yorkers) are buried
here; hauntingly, the majority are interred by prisoners from Riker’s Island
who earn 50 cents an hour digging gravesites and stacking simple wooden boxes
in groups of 150 adults and 1,000 infants. These inmates—most of them very
young, serving out short sentences—are responsible for building the only
memorials on Hart Island: Handmade crosses made of twigs and small offerings of
fruit and candy left behind when a grave is finished.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There are a few ways to end up on Hart Island. One
third of its inhabitants are infants—some parents couldn’t afford a burial,
others didn’t realize what a “city burial” meant when they checked it on the
form. Many of the dead here were homeless, while others were simply unclaimed;
if your body remains at the city morgue for more than two weeks, you, too, will
be sent for burial by a team of prisoners on Hart Island. These practices have
given rise to dozens of cases where parents and families aren’t notified in
time to claim the body of their loved one. It can take months (even years) to
determine whether your missing mom, dad, sibling, or child ended up at Hart.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Even
if you do learn that a friend or loved one is buried at Hart, you won’t be able
to find out exactly where. Though Hart Island is the largest publicly funded
cemetery in the world, it’s been closed to the public since 1976, when the
Department of Corrections took control of the site. Family members can request
a visit on the last Thursday of every month, but they aren’t allowed to visit
specific graves—in fact, there’s no official map (not to mention burial
markers) of the mass graves on Hart. <a href="http://hartisland.net/" sl-processed="1" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="color: blue;">The Hart Island
Project</span></span></a><span style="color: blue;">,</span> a nonprofit organization led by an artist named <a href="https://twitter.com/hartisland" sl-processed="1" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="color: blue;">Melinda Hunt</span></span></a><span style="color: blue;">,</span> is spearheading the fight to
change that: Hunt has worked for decades to convince the city to transfer
control of the island from the DOC to the Parks Department, making it into a
public cemetery in name, as well as in function.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hunt got involved with Hart during the 1980s, when
the AIDS epidemic put the island into the public spotlight for the first time (the
first New York child to die of the virus is buried here in the only individual
grave on the island). Her book about the island was published in 1998, and
represents the last time an artist was allowed to work on-site. Since then,
Hunt has single-handedly acted as the sole legal and political advocate for
families of the deceased buried here, and in the process, become the foremost
historian and keeper of knowledge about the island.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/195n4vlwf73c4jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="506" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/195n4vlwf73c4jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Image copyright Joel Sternfeld and Melinda Hunt. From their 1998 book, </em><a href="http://amzn.to/19H1yo3" sl-processed="1" target="_blank"><em>Hart Island</em></a><em>.</em></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Part
of her self-assigned job is to liaise with family members searching for
information about their loved ones—like Elaine Joseph, a lifetime New Yorker
and veteran who now serves as Secretary of the Hart Island Project. It’s taken
Joseph more than 30 years to find out that her child was buried on the
island—not an unusual scenario, it turns out, though no less heartbreaking.
It’s women like Joseph, who have come forward to tell their stories, who are
helping Hunt to raise awareness of the gross mishandling of Hart Island.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">On
a dreary, lukewarm morning last month, Gizmodo—myself and co-worker Leslie
Horn—along with two other reporters, met Hunt and Joseph in the quaint town of
City Island. They had graciously offered to include us on a tour of the island,
and we were about to become some of the first members of the press to visit
since the 1980s.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Because inmates perform weekly burials on Hart
Island, the DOC treats outside visitors with a certain amount of caution. The
two polite employees we met on the rundown dock at City Island asked first for
our IDs, then for any electronics we had, storing our phones, tablets, and
laptops in manila folders inside a DOC trailer on the dock, where we also used
the restroom (there are none on the island). Inside the stall, someone had
taped up a picture of a manatee—a reference to this meme—with the following
mantra: <em>Everything will be OK</em>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://untappedcities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Hart-Island-NYC-East-River-Vintage-Photos-Jacob-Riis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://untappedcities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Hart-Island-NYC-East-River-Vintage-Photos-Jacob-Riis.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Hart Island photographs by Jacob Riis via </em><a href="http://hartisland.net/Gallery/tabid/67/Default.aspx" target="_blank"><em><span style="color: #01a0c7;">The Hart Island Project</span></em></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">After
everyone was ready, we boarded a small ferry and chugged off into the fog. To
overly-dramatic loons like me, stepping aboard felt like crossing the River
Styx or sailing out to Arnold Böcklin’s <em>Isle of the Dead</em>—except, in
this scenario, the gatekeepers were clad in NYC corrections uniforms. As Joseph
recounted her story, and our ferry slogged across the channel, it became clear
that, for the loved ones of people buried here, the fight for Hart Island isn’t
about entering an underworld—it’s about seeking the right to mend ties with the
living.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">35 years ago, Joseph gave birth to a baby girl who
needed surgery a few days later. The operation took place at Mount Sinai
Hospital during the Great Blizzard of 1978, which shut down the city’s roads
and phone lines for days. When a recovering Joseph got through to the hospital,
she learned that her baby had died during surgery. Eventually, she was
connected with the understaffed city morgue—which informed her that her child
had already been buried with other infants. When the death certificate finally
arrived, no cemetery was listed.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In
city parlance, a blank spot next to the cemetery means one thing: A Hart Island
burial. But, in a time before the internet, that fact was lost on anyone
without inside knowledge—and Joseph spent the next decade trying to find out
where her daughter was buried, visiting the Medical Examiner’s office and
digging through the municipal archives. It was as if her child had never been
born. “It came to a standstill,” she says, speaking over the phone later. “Over
the years, I went on with life.” But every so often, she’d try again—fruitlessly
searching the city’s archives for a trace.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It
was only in 2008, 31 years after she gave birth, that Joseph’s first lead
emerged—thanks to the internet. A Google search for “potter’s field” returned a
mention of Hart Island, and then, the Hart Island project—headed up by one
Melinda Hunt. She sent her an email. A few months later, after a Freedom of
Information request granted them access to burial records, the duo made a
heartbreaking discovery: Two volumes of infant burial records, spanning 1977 to
1981, were missing. The lead had gone cold.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://untappedcities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Hart-Island-NYC-grave-of-first-child-to-die-of-aids.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="390" src="http://untappedcities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Hart-Island-NYC-grave-of-first-child-to-die-of-aids.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><noscript><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-406308" alt="Hart Island-NYC-grave of first child to die of aids" src="http://untappedcities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Hart-Island-NYC-grave-of-first-child-to-die-of-aids.jpg" width="410" height="400" /></noscript><em>Grave of first child to die of AIDS in NYC, with burial documents. Photo by Melinda Hunt via <a href="http://hartisland.net/Gallery/tabid/67/Default.aspx" target="_blank"><span style="color: #01a0c7;">The Hart Island Project</span></a></em></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What’s
perhaps even more painful about city burials is that the relatives whose loved
ones are buried on the island—thousands of the living—can’t freely visit it.
Instead, they must request a visit formally from the Department of Corrections,
which will usually grant the right to visit a small gazebo near the dock,
rather than any of the actual burial sites. Our tour was Joseph’s second time
on the island, and she visibly fumed about being forced to sign into a DOC
visitor’s book as we disembarked.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It’s
a grim scene: A trash-covered shoreline gives way to scrubby brown grass and a
gravel driveway, where two rusting vans are parked beside a handful of officers
waiting to check our IDs. The only sign of the island’s purpose are several
tiny white angel statues that line the rotting pathway around a nondescript
garage building. The cherubs seem like new additions, judging by the tags still
visible on their behinds.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The two DOC guides flanked our
small group closely on either side, guiding us along the shore. Our “tour” of
the island was, in a sense, over even before it began: The final destination is
less than 20 yards from the dock, where a small wooden gazebo—someone in the
group calls it a “chicken coop”—gives shelter to mourners who visit the island.
The DOC’s regulations prevent us from walking further into the patchy grass
that covers the island, so we sit down on the benches inside the hut.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A
few feet away, a small gravestone represents the only sign of a burial memorial.
The stone was paid for by the family of the island’s long-time backhoe operator
when he passed away. Behind it, a Victorian-era administrative building, likely
left over from the island’s one-time psychiatric hospital, lies in ruins. Any
real grave markers that remained were removed years ago by the DOC; today, Hart
looks like a dreary but nondescript spit of land you might find anywhere else
along the mid-Atlantic.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://untappedcities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/1-Courtyard-Burial-Ground-Hart-Island-Bronx-New-York-Untapped-Cities.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="http://untappedcities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/1-Courtyard-Burial-Ground-Hart-Island-Bronx-New-York-Untapped-Cities.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>An open burial pit next to the wards in the west of the island. Source: </em><a href="http://kingstonlounge.blogspot.com/2008/08/hart-island.html" target="_blank"><em><span style="color: #01a0c7;">Kingston Lounge</span></em></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hunt
and Joseph pull out a pen-marked map (pieced together by Hunt using satellite imagery)
and try to locate the general direction of where her daughter—along with many
other misplaced infants from the same year—might lie. It’s woefully inadequate,
not to mention unnecessary given the advent of GPS. Even if the DOC doesn’t
create markers for each gravesite, they could certainly make the information
available online. But Hart—right down to its decaying Victorian buildings—is
stuck in the past. As Hunt explains, much of the way Hart operates dates from
the Civil War. “This is a very 19th century kind of place,” she adds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">But it doesn’t have to be. Hunt,
who qualifies as nothing short of a hero, is working to extract answers to
painful questions—not only at the personal level, but at a legal one. Do loved
ones have a legal right to visit a family gravesite? In some states—mostly in
the South, where Civil War graves often lie on private land—yes. But, in New
York, things are more ambiguous: State public health laws codify the common law
right to a decent burial, but it is unclear whether that includes the right to
visitation. In 2012, a New York Ob/Gyn named Dr. Laurie Grant, whose stillborn
daughter was buried on Hart Island without her consent in 1993, brought a lawsuit
in New York State Court seeking an injunction against the DOC that would allow
her to visit the gravesite.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thanks
to years of testimony by Hunt, things are slowly changing on the city side of
things: In April, the DOC set up an online database of burial records. And in
September, Hunt tweeted that the DOC would grant access to GPS information,
too. Just this week, a request to visit grave sites made by Joseph and seven
other women received a response that promised their petition is being
considered.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">After all, the Department of
Corrections isn’t to blame, since it’s their job to run <em>prisons</em>—and
they do this well—but prison guards simply aren’t a good match for running a
massive cemetery. The next big push will be a bill first introduced last year,
which would mandate the Department of Parks to assume control of the island. A
big part of getting the bill off the ground—and mothers like Grant and Joseph
to their children's graves—is rousing public awareness and support. In many
cases, New Yorkers just haven't heard about what's going on at Hart.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What’s
most curious about the situation, in some ways, isn’t whether the city will
eventually open up Hart Island to the public—that seems all but inevitable—but
what will happen to the island afterward. Hunt’s hope, which she described in a
<em>New York Times</em> op-ed last month, is that the island will become the
city’s next public park and memorial to the city’s past inhabitants. “I like to
think of Hart Island as New York City’s family tomb,” she wrote. “We don’t
always get along, but we do live and die and are buried close to one another.”
Joseph, for her part, would just be happy with grave markers. “I have nothing
to lose by continuing to fight for these rights,” she added as we left the
island last month. Today, she’s hoping that Bill de Blasio’s election as mayor
will speed up the process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://untappedcities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/1-Mass-Graves-Burial-Ground-Hart-Island-Bronx-New-York-Untapped-Cities.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="http://untappedcities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/1-Mass-Graves-Burial-Ground-Hart-Island-Bronx-New-York-Untapped-Cities.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of the mass graves that fit up to 150 adult coffins. Source: <a href="http://kingstonlounge.blogspot.com/2008/08/hart-island.html" target="_blank"><em><span style="color: #01a0c7;">Kingston Lounge</span></em></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
big question, of course, is why? Why hasn’t the city taken over control of the
island? Why hasn’t anyone attempted to make it easier for families to visit?
Where is the harm or danger in letting people mourn near where their loved ones
lie? Tragically, the answer is similar to the reason people end up at Hart Island
in the first place: A mixed bag of budgetary issues and pure practicality,
wrapped up in a painful and banal truth. In a city of eight million, some
things—whether people or whole islands—slip by unnoticed.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p>Another excellent website about Hart Island can be found here: <a href="http://untappedcities.com/2013/07/22/abandoned-hart-island-new-york-citys-mass-burial-ground/">http://untappedcities.com/2013/07/22/abandoned-hart-island-new-york-citys-mass-burial-ground/</a></o:p></span><br />
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-42694761461876198692013-10-24T19:43:00.003-05:002013-10-24T19:43:45.609-05:00Know Ye Not Agincourt?<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Agincourt,
Agincourt!<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Know ye not
Agincourt?<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Never to be
forgot<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Or known to no
men?<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Where English
cloth-yard arrows<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Kill'd the
French like tame sparrows,<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Slaine by our
bowmen</i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<em> </em>Bowman's
Glory. c. 1600</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Until the year 1415, October 25th was known only for the
Feast of Saint Crispin and Saint Crispinian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The significance of those saints was lost among most, because every day
was a feast day for one saint or another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After 1415, the day would be celebrated as the greatest victory in
English history. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In France it was mourned
as the day that the flower of French nobility was lost on the killing fields of
Agincourt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p>Many histories of the Battle of Agincourt have been written,
indeed the writing started almost as the battle closed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is one of the best documented medieval
battles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I won't try to recount the
struggle here but will provide a very brief synopsis so the reader can
understand the significance of the English victory and the extent of the devastation
to the elite of French nobility.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p>After a long and bitter siege of the port town of Harfleur,
King Henry V of England marched his Army overland from Harfleur to Calais on
the northern coast of France.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It should
have been an eight day march.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rations
and supplies for only eight days were taken by the 1,000 men-at-arms and 5,000
archers of Henry's little army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two days
from Calais his men were blocked from crossing the River Somme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With his food supply running out he was
forced to turn east, away from Calais to find an unprotected crossing point on
the river.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each bridge and ford were
blocked by the enemy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally the
English, already four days overdue in Calais and long out of food were able to
find a unguarded ford on the Somme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
foot race on the Calais Road ensued between the weary, starving English army
and a French force of almost 30,000 men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p>The French outpaced the English and blocked the Calais Road
near a little village called Agincourt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the battle on October 25th, Henry V's bedraggled men crushed the
French Army and killed almost 8,000 French men-at-arms and knights, more men
than in the entire English army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>English
casualties were estimated to be only a few hundred. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Much of the victory can be attributed to the
English archers and their deadly long bows.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Most who were there that day felt that only divine providence could have
provided such an complete and lopsided victory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p>My newest book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Archer's Son</i>, tells the story of a lad who goes along with a company of Cornish
archers on the Agincourt Campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
story follows the retinue of Sir John Trelawny from the Cornish village of
Altarnon, to the Siege of Harfleur in France, the march to Calais and the
Battle of Agincourt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The experiences of
this young boy change him forever.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not
just from the horrors of combat, but from the lasting brotherhood-of-arms that
all soldiers, in all eras, develop with the men with which they serve.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p>Here is a snippet from Chapter 23 at the opening of the
Battle of Agincourt:</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 27pt 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
"Keep your
heads lads and nock a bodkin," William called out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"There is Lord Erpingham.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now we will provoke the French into moving."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The old knight strode quickly out in the
field in front of the line where all could see him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He tossed a baton high in the air to draw the
attention of all the archers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 27pt 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
"Now
strike!"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The old knight bellowed at
the top of his lungs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 27pt 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
In unison, five
thousand archers muscled bow cords to their ears and launched arrows high in
the air towards the French lines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was
a long shot, so the high arching arrows took several seconds to ascend before
they started their deadly fall to earth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hedyn could see a faint shadow that drifted across the wheat field
created by the mass of five thousand feathered missiles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Like a
great flock of starlings</i>, he thought.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 27pt 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
Before the first
arrows began to thud into men and horses and to clang against armor, the
archers were sending more arrows on their way, each man shooting at his own
pace.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Within a minute 60,000 arrows were
in the air or scattered across the battlefield.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some in dirt, some in men.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
Thirteen year old Hedyn, my protagonist, survives the
battle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Agincourt is forever with
him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our modern soldier's plague of post
traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) is not a new phenomena.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It has tormented soldiers since there have
been wars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have only now began to understand
and diagnosis it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the Epilogue to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Archer's Son</i> comes this passage:<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 31.5pt 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For
many months after his return, Hedyn seldom smiled or shared mirth with family
or friends. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He somehow thought that
happiness was disloyal to the grief that he felt for Roger, and Lawrence and
other lost friends who were in lonely, anonymous graves at Harfleur. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only through prayer did his sadness finally
subside. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Christ brought him the
understanding that his duty was to the living, and not to the dead.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 31.5pt 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But
he never shook the demons that came to him in his sleep. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each night was a dreamy torment of charging
black nights, clouds of arrows, blood and lifeless bodies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only his bride knew of his suffering.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ivory handle dagger remained hidden under
his sleeping matt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It seemed the only
thing to bring him at least a tiny bit of refuge from his dread of the
night.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even as an old man, fifty years
after Agincourt, the dreams sometimes came to torture him. . . </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 31.5pt 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
later life, small boys would sometimes shyly approach the gray haired old man
and ask, "Hedyn Archerson, you were there?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>You were with Henry at Agincourt?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They would puff themselves up and try to appear older as they clutched
their little bows.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 31.5pt 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He
would sigh and respond, "Aye.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was
there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was at Agincourt."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But he told only stories that made him laugh
or made him happy or brought him pride.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He told no tales that brought him sadness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Archer's Son</i> will
go to the editor in November and be released in mid 2014.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaFx8Wqcf0eZObAzSTezg1yggYqEzTLqqV5nSDTrFvEtPkRNaaiv2jCLXcijXC_oIODscFgfr6BH8TnYzogggsSurKlB3VgzC9fO3ba7i_Y-Tn78F3bf8MMekNnWNv6bWM-1z7O_sA8efa/s1600/IMG_6920.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaFx8Wqcf0eZObAzSTezg1yggYqEzTLqqV5nSDTrFvEtPkRNaaiv2jCLXcijXC_oIODscFgfr6BH8TnYzogggsSurKlB3VgzC9fO3ba7i_Y-Tn78F3bf8MMekNnWNv6bWM-1z7O_sA8efa/s640/IMG_6920.JPG" width="425" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>The Author dressed as an English Archer at the time of Agincourt. These photos were taken at "Days of Knights" a medieval living history program. They will be used to help develop art work for <em>The Archer's Son</em>. Photos by the Author and Scott Lyndon.</strong></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwpjraRmWB9b2ZFy5Oc1qV6QHk960HkumOZVZJj1AdyMSFHi1O-64SSN-k5emyAkJKj7IGtEcB_Qo1IfzEnP78PpjedHYB2i-MNi31LsO6wlLIKbQ6cGWi7y_pYcLoyLj0uj0CcUvWyCY5/s1600/IMG_6952.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwpjraRmWB9b2ZFy5Oc1qV6QHk960HkumOZVZJj1AdyMSFHi1O-64SSN-k5emyAkJKj7IGtEcB_Qo1IfzEnP78PpjedHYB2i-MNi31LsO6wlLIKbQ6cGWi7y_pYcLoyLj0uj0CcUvWyCY5/s640/IMG_6952.JPG" width="425" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>A fully armored knight as they would have appeared at Agincourt. The armor of the English and French was essentially the same. The colorful surcoats gave the identity (and nationality) of the knight.</strong></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6c3XdaOD5crBiAB1xr7bs0LDdueIirA5ECyywOTbvzyAyT2aNMsKgfi6LohrpvcDZxao0xENZAB6kBpWiP_zvxopc38nRf1nlRmrLUvHVfLoGgeug-IlulIwtc4RFeaDALCFDCksPS8gi/s1600/IMG_6945.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6c3XdaOD5crBiAB1xr7bs0LDdueIirA5ECyywOTbvzyAyT2aNMsKgfi6LohrpvcDZxao0xENZAB6kBpWiP_zvxopc38nRf1nlRmrLUvHVfLoGgeug-IlulIwtc4RFeaDALCFDCksPS8gi/s640/IMG_6945.JPG" width="425" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>A young page assists his lord in donning his armor</strong></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUfrRsXrlkoooEn0qGZgexwokzT5gSi-jdLxG4Jjil9lxQnE_opDC50YbAd57KYxeFkHXXkCMhRA4-8z491ahNAGOmA-LMCMXHTuptvZGaO5wEw6m6duf1MAdmhR8gvidqTl6mowQ7E2DG/s1600/IMG_6914.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUfrRsXrlkoooEn0qGZgexwokzT5gSi-jdLxG4Jjil9lxQnE_opDC50YbAd57KYxeFkHXXkCMhRA4-8z491ahNAGOmA-LMCMXHTuptvZGaO5wEw6m6duf1MAdmhR8gvidqTl6mowQ7E2DG/s640/IMG_6914.JPG" width="425" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;">An archer takes aim with his longbow</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: small;"></span></strong><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-41523336744589812942013-10-10T14:23:00.000-05:002013-10-10T14:23:31.890-05:00The Boy in the Shadows
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I’ve been asked by several readers how my publisher
was able to capture the photograph on the cover of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Secret of Wattensaw Bayou</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They are surprised when I tell them that the photo was taken in my
backyard!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Well, sorta taken in my
backyard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuY4v1_Gl_8q5146xQQL4CICULRC6Ax9UcF814B8UxiKxKjC0b7RFX9v8ohLz2UTtSiOGt0vfMo3JtzHfdH5LKpctPJtOBIJxf3f3ACNv-x73cqSw-o1s6Otx2lYVw1H6Nh7Ay3WIoQijm/s1600/FrontCover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuY4v1_Gl_8q5146xQQL4CICULRC6Ax9UcF814B8UxiKxKjC0b7RFX9v8ohLz2UTtSiOGt0vfMo3JtzHfdH5LKpctPJtOBIJxf3f3ACNv-x73cqSw-o1s6Otx2lYVw1H6Nh7Ay3WIoQijm/s320/FrontCover.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Photoshop is an amazing tool.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The background photo of the swampy red sunset
was purchased from an on line image seller.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The front image is a combination of computer magic and household
devices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I dressed the model in 19<sup>th</sup>
century clothing and then put him in front of my back porch light.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My wife, Phyllis, then trained a red colored
spot light on the young man from out of the frame.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The photo, taken from the model’s back in low
light, resulted in a nice red tinted out-line around his silhouette.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was then “lifted” from the photo frame and
layered on top of the swamp photo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who is the model?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Meet seventeen year old Jalen Lanier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jalen was sixteen when he posed for the book cover. He is the son of a
co-worker and was happy to play the part of Ephraim Wright, the main character
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Secret of Wattensaw Bayou</i>, for
the book cover. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jalen is a fine young
man and I enjoyed working with him on two photo shoots to get the light just
right on this shot. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I appreciate his
help and patience immensely!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuLkpFshyphenhyphenERTxn89mnAjxiSrrXI6hyphenhyphen6P_vnU1-596BwClr2m-pjN0ympVEY0TyV1ToGwET8SClMxAPnDs7TcFl3r4bo-I97gi0oLQoomlldstvVbjheqG6LplNEbo0HNHUtLNH4o1VfAX6/s1600/Jalen+Lanier.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuLkpFshyphenhyphenERTxn89mnAjxiSrrXI6hyphenhyphen6P_vnU1-596BwClr2m-pjN0ympVEY0TyV1ToGwET8SClMxAPnDs7TcFl3r4bo-I97gi0oLQoomlldstvVbjheqG6LplNEbo0HNHUtLNH4o1VfAX6/s400/Jalen+Lanier.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I’ll be using a similar technique for my next book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Archer’s Son</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I already have a gorgeous background photo of
a European Castle at sunset.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
photographer in Russia has graciously given me permission to use his work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now, who will be my young archer?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfjaKI5X0gs3DW6cyIflgsTCeQJGxVdBzCfPNddXEkNgJxg4HL2u4hkwJfzLMzlXpaKG0Bop2moaofjcb2xuggnpi-rDoC-h02uHKNLAIyg7pigkO6Ic9m5Exuo1sQoeDdsNDaIjvYKbzJ/s1600/darkened+castle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfjaKI5X0gs3DW6cyIflgsTCeQJGxVdBzCfPNddXEkNgJxg4HL2u4hkwJfzLMzlXpaKG0Bop2moaofjcb2xuggnpi-rDoC-h02uHKNLAIyg7pigkO6Ic9m5Exuo1sQoeDdsNDaIjvYKbzJ/s400/darkened+castle.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-58332559647718913222013-10-07T14:35:00.001-05:002013-10-07T14:35:02.802-05:00Lost in the Desert - For 2,500 Years!
I'm sorry for the long time since my last post. I've been pre-occupied with completing the manuscript for my next novel. I'm happy to report that I have finished <em>The Archer's Son</em> and hope to have it to my publisher in Novmeber to prepare it for a 2014 release. <br />
<br />
I recently stumbled across this interesting story. It is from 2012, but has not been widely announced. You can see additional photos at the website below. <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Reblogged from:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/cambyses-army-remains-sahara.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/cambyses-army-remains-sahara.htm</span></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Vanished
Persian Army Said Found in Desert</span></span></div>
<br />
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<span class="content-date"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Nov 27, 2012 03:00 AM
ET </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">// <span class="content-author">by <a href="http://news.discovery.com/rossella-lorenzi.htm"><span style="color: windowtext;">Rossella
Lorenzi </span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The remains of a mighty Persian army said to have
drowned in the sands of the western Egyptian desert 2,500 years ago might have
been finally located, solving one of archaeology's biggest outstanding
mysteries, according to Italian researchers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bronze weapons, a silver bracelet, an earring and
hundreds of human bones found in the vast desolate wilderness of the Sahara
desert have raised hopes of finally finding the lost army of Persian King
Cambyses II. The 50,000 warriors were said to be buried by a cataclysmic
sandstorm in 525 B.C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"We have found the first archaeological
evidence of a story reported by the Greek historian Herodotus," Dario Del
Bufalo, a member of the expedition from the University of Lecce, told Discovery
News.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBRzB3tSloReUq4yNZITsoQUt-3ex_9V1KnNMU-_LIexcZta0r8qULIpgci53cKMhhraWRkLE_VKAIgp725O_yoX8x-uXNsDpFUPjwx39d2EMDCvsAor1YNxHKM-Xc8XnvDLkYWhfEpeVF/s1600/cambyses-army-remains-sahara-676100-.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBRzB3tSloReUq4yNZITsoQUt-3ex_9V1KnNMU-_LIexcZta0r8qULIpgci53cKMhhraWRkLE_VKAIgp725O_yoX8x-uXNsDpFUPjwx39d2EMDCvsAor1YNxHKM-Xc8XnvDLkYWhfEpeVF/s400/cambyses-army-remains-sahara-676100-.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">All photos from: <span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><br />
<a href="http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/cambyses-army-remains-sahara.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: xx-small;">http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/cambyses-army-remains-sahara.htm</span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">According to Herodotus (484-425 B.C.), Cambyses, the
son of Cyrus the Great, sent 50,000 soldiers from Thebes to attack the Oasis of
Siwa and destroy the oracle at the Temple of Amun after the priests there
refused to legitimize his claim to Egypt.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">After walking for seven days in the desert, the army
got to an "oasis," which historians believe was El-Kharga. After they
left, they were never seen again.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"A wind arose from the south, strong and
deadly, bringing with it vast columns of whirling sand, which entirely covered
up the troops and caused them wholly to disappear," wrote Herodotus.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A century after Herodotus wrote his account,
Alexander the Great made his own pilgrimage to the oracle of Amun, and in 332
B.C. he won the oracle's confirmation that he was the divine son of Zeus, the
Greek god equated with Amun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The tale of Cambyses' lost army, however, faded into
antiquity. As no trace of the hapless warriors was ever found, scholars began
to dismiss the story as a fanciful tale.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, two top Italian archaeologists claim to have
found striking evidence that the Persian army was indeed swallowed in a
sandstorm. Twin brothers Angelo and Alfredo Castiglioni are already famous for
their discovery 20 years ago of the ancient Egyptian "city of gold"
Berenike Panchrysos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Presented recently at the archaeological film
festival of Rovereto, the discovery is the result of 13 years of research and
five expeditions to the desert.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"It all started in 1996, during an expedition
aimed at investigating the presence of iron meteorites near Bahrin, one small
oasis not far from Siwa," Alfredo Castiglioni, director of the Eastern
Desert Research Center (CeRDO)in Varese, told Discovery News.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">While working in the area, the researchers noticed a
half-buried pot and some human remains. Then the brothers spotted something
really intriguing -- what could have been a natural shelter.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It was a rock about 35 meters (114.8 feet) long, 1.8
meters (5.9 feet) in height and 3 meters (9.8 feet) deep. Such natural
formations occur in the desert, but this large rock was the only one in a large
area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"Its size and shape made it the perfect refuge
in a sandstorm," Castiglioni said.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Right there, the metal detector of Egyptian
geologist Aly Barakat of Cairo University located relics of ancient warfare: a
bronze dagger and several arrow tips.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2xNP-iIlqzCnnb_Baq_3PpWqyvNU3aTgA4sy3hz78BNP8-uHmKcUo_l0IR3wWtzDPbBO0_5SRAohRN0s9a00qxcCiKAAXJi9xY13zK9F4DFw65UNfAdzhkRV5v1hn-2CHLbOa2-Qkz7Xo/s1600/storymaker-cambyses-lost-army-images5-514x411.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2xNP-iIlqzCnnb_Baq_3PpWqyvNU3aTgA4sy3hz78BNP8-uHmKcUo_l0IR3wWtzDPbBO0_5SRAohRN0s9a00qxcCiKAAXJi9xY13zK9F4DFw65UNfAdzhkRV5v1hn-2CHLbOa2-Qkz7Xo/s640/storymaker-cambyses-lost-army-images5-514x411.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhazYQmWLIBvGcmy1gcj6kbkn1Qct9vttDEMyuhR57oF8083B1dglAYbyPqh8p-5Pwey9gDcuLwJfahcrprjUrxvKi85QLhc6l2Sn1LEzmKwB3PG65BBUVjTTe3nWP7moysAn8RLR-2KWoP/s1600/storymaker-cambyses-lost-army-images6-514x411.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhazYQmWLIBvGcmy1gcj6kbkn1Qct9vttDEMyuhR57oF8083B1dglAYbyPqh8p-5Pwey9gDcuLwJfahcrprjUrxvKi85QLhc6l2Sn1LEzmKwB3PG65BBUVjTTe3nWP7moysAn8RLR-2KWoP/s640/storymaker-cambyses-lost-army-images6-514x411.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"We are talking of small items, but they are
extremely important as they are the first Achaemenid objects, thus dating to
Cambyses' time, which have emerged from the desert sands in a location quite
close to Siwa," Castiglioni said.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">About a quarter mile from the natural shelter, the
Castiglioni team found a silver bracelet, an earring and few spheres which were
likely part of a necklace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"An analysis of the earring, based on
photographs, indicate that it certainly dates to the Achaemenid period. Both
the earring and the spheres appear to be made of silver. Indeed a very similar
earring, dating to the fifth century B.C., has been found in a dig in
Turkey," Andrea Cagnetti, a leading expert of ancient jewelry, told
Discovery News.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the following years, the Castiglioni brothers
studied ancient maps and came to the conclusion that Cambyses' army did not
take the widely believed caravan route via the Dakhla Oasis and Farafra Oasis.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"Since the 19th century, many archaeologists
and explorers have searched for the lost army along that route. They found
nothing. We hypothesized a different itinerary, coming from south. Indeed we
found that such a route already existed in the 18th Dynasty," Castiglioni
said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">According to Castiglioni, from El Kargha the army
took a westerly route to Gilf El Kebir, passing through the Wadi Abd el Melik,
then headed north toward Siwa.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"This route had the advantage of taking the
enemy aback. Moreover, the army could march undisturbed. On the contrary, since
the oasis on the other route were controlled by the Egyptians, the army would
have had to fight at each oasis," Castiglioni said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To test their hypothesis, the Castiglioni brothers
did geological surveys along that alternative route. They found desiccated
water sources and artificial wells made of hundreds of water pots buried in the
sand. Such water sources could have made a march in the desert possible.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"Termoluminescence has dated the pottery to
2,500 years ago, which is in line with Cambyses' time," Castiglioni said.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In their last expedition in 2002, the Castiglioni
brothers returned to the location of their initial discovery. Right there, some
100 km (62 miles) south of Siwa, ancient maps had erroneously located the
temple of Amun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The soldiers believed they had reached their
destination, but instead they found the khamsin -- the hot, strong,
unpredictable southeasterly wind that blows from the Sahara desert over Egypt.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"Some soldiers found refuge under that natural
shelter, other dispersed in various directions. Some might have reached the
lake of Sitra, thus surviving," Castiglioni said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">At the end of their expedition, the team decided to
investigate Bedouin stories about thousands of white bones that would have
emerged decades ago during particular wind conditions in a nearby area.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Indeed, they found a mass grave with hundreds of
bleached bones and skulls.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"We learned that the remains had been exposed
by tomb robbers and that a beautiful sword which was found among the bones was
sold to American tourists," Castiglioni said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Among the bones, a number of Persian arrow heads and
a horse bit, identical to one appearing in a depiction of an ancient Persian
horse, emerged.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"In the desolate wilderness of the desert, we
have found the most precise location where the tragedy occurred," Del
Bufalo said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The team communicated their finding to the
Geological Survey of Egypt and gave the recovered objects to the Egyptian authorities.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"We never heard back. I'm sure that the lost
army is buried somewhere around the area we surveyed, perhaps under five meters
(16.4 feet) of sand."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mosalam Shaltout, professor of solar physics at the
National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Helwan, Cairo,
believes it is very likely that the army took an alternative western route to
reach Siwa.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"I think it depended on their bad planning for
sufficient water and meals during the long desert route and most of all by the
occurrence of an eruptive Kamassen sandy winds for more than one day,"
Shaltout told Discovery News.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Piero Pruneti, editor of Archeologia Viva, Italy's
most important archaeology magazine, is also impressed by the team's work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"Judging from their documentary, the Castiglioni's
have made a very promising finding," Prunetic told Discovery News.
"Indeed, their expeditions are all based on a careful study of the
landscape…An in-depth exploration of the area is certainly needed!"<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div>
M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-81732720908585267152013-08-29T14:33:00.000-05:002013-08-29T14:33:32.735-05:00Writing Contest for Young Historians
The Tennessee Valley Civil War Round Table is holding a writing contest for young historians. The TVCWRT is based in Huntsville, Alabama, but entry is open to kids in the Tennessee Valley which encompasses most of North Alabama and Southern Tennessee. (see rules below.)<br />
<br />
There are three age categories from first to twelfth grade. If you know a budding historian who is interested in American Civil War history, please pass this on to them. <br />
<br />
This contest is being held as part of the TVCWRT's Sesquicentennial celebration and a prelude to our November Civil War Symposium. <br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></span></b> </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></span></b> </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: background1;">Tennessee Valley Civil War Round Table
2013 Writing Contest<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: background1;">Contest Rules<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Topic</span></b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Why Is
Learning about the American Civil War Important to America and Americans?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Qualified
Entries</span></b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>To be qualified for the Contest, an entry must answer the question in
200 words <u>or less</u>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Why is learning about the American Civil War
important to America and Americans?</i> (hereinafter referred to as “the
Contest”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Eligibility</span></b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Contest is open to all (and only)
students in grades 1-12 enrolled as of the time of the Contest in public,
private and parochial elementary, middle, and high schools, and respective
home-schooled youth, in the 2013-2014 school year in the Tennessee Valley area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No purchase necessary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Entry
Categories</span></b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There are three entry categories:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>elementary school students (grades 1-6), middle school students (grades
7-9), and high school students (grades 10-12).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Entry
Period</span></b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Contest begins at 12:00 a.m. Central Time on August 15, 2013, and entries must
be received by 11:59 p.m. Central Time on September 30, 2013. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">How
to Enter:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Submit
your entry via email to <a href="mailto:tnvalleycivilwarrt@gmail.com"><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">tnvalleycivilwarrt@gmail.com</span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Your entry may be included in the body
of your email or as an attached MicroSoft Word (and only M/S Word)
document.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">If you prefer, your parent or guardian
may email your entry for you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Include the following information in your
email:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Full name and telephone number of
student.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Name of school and grade level (e.g.,
third grade, ninth grade, etc.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Questions may be submitted via email to
the same address, or you may call 256-541-2483 (if no answer, please leave a
message).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Only one (1) entry per person.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Any attempts to submit more than one (1)
entry by using multiple/different email addresses, identities, registrations
and logins, or any other methods, may result in disqualification of that
student’s entries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Entries exceeding maximum word limit
will not be judged.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">There is no fee to submit an
entry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">By submitting an entry to the Contest,
each entrant agrees to comply with and be bound by these Official Rules, and
acknowledges that the decisions of the TVCWRT shall be final and binding in all
matters relating to the Contest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">There will be a limit of fifty (50)
entries per student category, on a first-come basis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Entries received in excess of that limitation
in each student category will be retained by the TVCWRT, but not judged.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Winner
Selections:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Judging will commence at the time the
Contest begins and continue until all entries submitted prior to the Contest
end time have been reviewed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">All valid entries will be screened by
one or more persons appointed by the TVCWRT Board of Directors in its sole
discretion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The screening panel will
submit its findings and recommendations to the Board.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Board will select the winner in each of
the three student categories, subject to the following limitation <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There
must be a minimum of three entries in a student category (elementary, middle,
and high school) for judging and determination of a winner in that
category.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Any category in which a
minimum of three entries is not received will not be judged and no winner will
be determined.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this case, the TVCWRT
will recognize each entrant in that category at the awards announcement on
November 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">The Board of Directors will select one
Contest Winner in each of the three student categories, based on the following
criteria, weighted equally: (a) originality, (b) creativity, (c) quality of
expression, and (d) usefulness in understanding why the study of the ACW is
important to America and Americans today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">The Contest Winner in each category
will be notified via email no later than Saturday, October 26, 2013. [This is
one week before the symposium.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">PRIZE:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Contest Winner in each category will – <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Be introduced and allowed to publicly read
his/her winning entry at the TVCWRT Civil War Symposium currently scheduled to
be held November 2, 2013, at the main library facility of the
Huntsville/Madison County Public Library in Huntsville, Alabama.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If for some reason the Symposium is not held
on that date or at that location, the TVCWRT will notify each Contest Winner of
alternate arrangements,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Receive a TVCWRT Symposium tee shirt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Receive a complimentary <u>family</u>
membership to the TVCWRT for one year (2014).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">GRANT
OF RIGHTS:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All entries become the property of TVCWRT.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">By submitting an entry, the entrant
grants to the TVCWRT (a) the right to edit the entry for grammar and spelling;
and (b) a non-exclusive, assignable, perpetual, license to produce, publish,
distribute, transmit, exhibit, exploit, and license the entry and any portions
thereof in any format (collectively "distribute" or "distribution,"
as applicable) by any and all means, uses and media, whether audio, print,
audiovisual or otherwise, now or hereafter known, in all languages. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Entrant further agrees that TVCWRT
shall have the first right to distribute the entry unless TVCWRT waives that
right, in writing; provided that, TVCWRT’s first right to distribute shall
automatically expire on September 30, 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;">Entrant retains the copyright and all
other rights in the work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-27342877228401373302013-08-22T21:00:00.001-05:002013-08-22T21:02:22.506-05:00Sensible Rebel Advice<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A common misconception among most Americans is that
the American Civil War ended on April 9th 1865 with the surrender of the Gen
Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That is simply not the case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lee only surrendered the army that he
directly commanded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two other major
Confederate armies were still operating, The Army of Tennessee , commanded by
Gen Joseph E. Johnston, surrender on April 26, 1865.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> T</span>he Army of the Trans-Mississippi,
commanded by Gen E. Kirby-Smith, gave up six weeks after Appomattox Courthouse
on May 26, 1865. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Besides these three
major armies, smaller scattered commands surrendered at various times between
late April and June of 1865.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The last significant force of Confederate troops
surrendered to Federal troops at Jacksonport, Arkansas on June 8th, 1865. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This force was styled "The Army of
Northern Arkansas."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was an
"army" in name only.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These men
had not functioned as a fighting force for months, and many came out of hiding
just to be paroled and seek some protection under the law for the bushwhacking
and banditry they had committed against the citizens of the state of
Arkansas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Their commander, Gen Jeff Thompson had little regard
for the majority of these men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
farewell address must be one of the most scathing "good bye's" ever
delivered by a commanding officer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
is an account of the surrender and Thompson's address that was published in a
St. Louis newspaper.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTM3OcnsqDtTKkqN8E9PO7xBmtdDFf9w87W1OfRvEeNlx7_fvMjVFxQFKXTfaL5WsoXbZhoO7hsJb__S-9KpyrPl0495vISG_FAnimknGJdv1TugEwMOud7ZdE6d5AGj0Bra_xtXncwi7M/s1600/400px-Meriwether_Jeff_Thompson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTM3OcnsqDtTKkqN8E9PO7xBmtdDFf9w87W1OfRvEeNlx7_fvMjVFxQFKXTfaL5WsoXbZhoO7hsJb__S-9KpyrPl0495vISG_FAnimknGJdv1TugEwMOud7ZdE6d5AGj0Bra_xtXncwi7M/s400/400px-Meriwether_Jeff_Thompson.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">CS Gen Jeff Thompson</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">SENSIBLE REBEL ADVICE.; Address
of the Rebel Gen. Jeff. Thompson to his Men at the time they were Paroled.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">From the St. Louis Republican, June 16. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A gentleman who left Jacksonport, Ark., on the 8th inst.,
arrived in this city yesterday, and furnished us with some of the particulars
of the paroling of JEFF. THOMPSON'S army. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Col. DAVIS paroled at Wittsburgh and at Jacksonport, over
seven thousand officers and enlisted men, the officers numbering about six
hundred. There still remained, at Helena and Mound City, (opposite Memphis,) a
few hundred more, who were to be paroled by Col. DAVIS on his return. That
would swell the total number to near eight thousand. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Colonel REEVES, who is understood to be the rebel officer
who shot Major WILLIAMS and five of his soldiers, last fall, in Missouri, and
for which act Major WOLF was condemned to be shot, and held so long in Gratlot
Prison, has been trying hard to have his parole accepted. He kept himself out
in the county some miles, but had sent a number of persons to Colonel DAVIS,
and had written two letters pleading his case. Colonel DAVIS' reply to him was
that his request could not be granted, as he did not consider him entitled to
such leniency. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">JEFF. THOMPSON's address to his army, at Jacksonport, was
in the following words: <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">FELLOW-CITIZENS, who have been my fellow-soldiers: It is
proper that we should embrace this opportunity to have one more family talk
before we are scattered to our several homes, most probably not to meet again
on earth, and most certainly not to meet as we have heretofore met; and
possibly you may not be allowed to meet again in such numbers as would make you
dangerous; therefore, I have called you together that I may advise you as to
your status and proper course to pursue for the future. It is useless now to
criminate or recriminate, but the fact is evident that as an independent nation
we are badly whipped, and the fault and blame rests upon ourselves; for had we
been more obedient and industrious, we would have succeeded. Officers and
soldiers have put their private judgment against the laws of the land and the
orders of their superior officers, and have deserted their flag or neglected to
return to their post when furloughed; and many farmers have neglected or
refused to raise grain, because their patriotism did not equal their love for
money; and between these two classes our armies have been reduced and the
country impoverished, until the brave, faithful officers and soldiers, who have
remained at their posts, have been overpowered by superior numbers, and forced
to surrender. The noble armies of Gen. LEE, Gen. JOE JOHNSTON and Gen. DICK
TAYLOR, comprising all the Confederate States troops east of the Mississippi
River, were surrendered before I accepted the terms offered me for you, and I
but complied with the military necessity when I agreed to surrender. You have
now assembled to be paroled, and in conformity with my agreement and order, and
I hope you are complying with the spirit of my order, and are acting in good
faith, for unless you are doing so the object we are so desirous to attain will
be missed, and instead of peace and quiet we will still have petty feuds,
murders, house-burnings and troubles that will be worse than open war. Let each
man determine, when he leaves this place, that he will go to his home, there to
remain, and work night and day to repair the damage that has been done by the
war, and never go off his farm except to go to the mill; and, if there are
private quarrels between himself and neighbors, he had better pack up and hunt
another neighborhood; and if not willing to submit to the laws of the United
States he had better leave the country. You must remember that you now have no
rights, and can only claim such as may be given to you by the conquerors, and
the less you say about politics, until you have become naturalized, the better
for you. The Yankees have won the negro, and we must let them dispose of him as
they please. When your opinion or advice is asked you can quietly give it, but
do not volunteer either. We have fought four long and bloody years for our
rights and have lost, and now we cannot get them by simply talking what we have
failed to win with our arms; and the matter was talked over forty years before
the fighting began. All who cannot or will not be submissive should leave the
United States as soon as possible, and I presume that many young men will go. I
am sure there will be no hindrance, for the government should be glad to set
rid of all who are not disposed to be peaceable. To the Missourians who are
present, I would speak plainly, and advice them not to think of returning to
Missouri unless they have a clean record. There are many who have been fair,
honest and chivalrous soldiers, who can have no charges against them, except
the one of being true to the South; there are many others who have forgotten
the laws of God, the laws of man, and the laws of war, and they, of course,
cannot expect to live in Missouri in peace. Then there are others who, though
they have been honest soldiers, had determined in their hearts to have private
revenge at the end of the war, had we succeeded, and some who have said that
the Union men must leave if they won. Each of you know to which of these
classes you belong, and you must "do as you would be done by," and
act accordingly. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbQTWf6iKzA3VpAP3kuRsAodTkwvj0rLlpEeTyKeFjaW0VPYQW5LIgpRecIBRFeLOMPEZslSdlf2ux6hlqlx0n3i8n3F0DKWXc_JwhFPZmdUvx9U9hW5aniaZ3cVqsWz5CdGT9fG-Nnm_J/s1600/jacksonport%252520confederate%252520mem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbQTWf6iKzA3VpAP3kuRsAodTkwvj0rLlpEeTyKeFjaW0VPYQW5LIgpRecIBRFeLOMPEZslSdlf2ux6hlqlx0n3i8n3F0DKWXc_JwhFPZmdUvx9U9hW5aniaZ3cVqsWz5CdGT9fG-Nnm_J/s640/jacksonport%252520confederate%252520mem.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Monument to Confederate Troops at Jacksonport State Park, Arkansas</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoCTdvZxW1QUq6Kgaheijcpm6KpCIwCE9imqEFiFXpt6E549pwAdNBngcCmapTW3FA8F7LkZQZqJhH9lVBTcVP1YP6GfYHGLmtv7PO2ASeWrk6NVrl5SSc0ZPIrXJZDoeVkMpldh-uuwzJ/s1600/JacksonportintheCivilWar12-19-091.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoCTdvZxW1QUq6Kgaheijcpm6KpCIwCE9imqEFiFXpt6E549pwAdNBngcCmapTW3FA8F7LkZQZqJhH9lVBTcVP1YP6GfYHGLmtv7PO2ASeWrk6NVrl5SSc0ZPIrXJZDoeVkMpldh-uuwzJ/s320/JacksonportintheCivilWar12-19-091.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Thompson moved to New
Orleans after the Civil War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a
civil engineer in civilian life and designed a program for draining and
improving the Louisiana swamps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The work eventually destroyed his health. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He returned to his home town of St. Joseph,
Missouri in 1876.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He succumbed there to tuberculosis and is buried in Mount Mora Cemetery in St.
Joseph, Missouri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-2348318712389083352013-08-09T21:18:00.002-05:002013-08-10T07:25:15.529-05:00The Ingredients To Make An American<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Last October I
had the privilege of visiting a very special outdoor museum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many outdoor museums attempt to capture
a single snapshot in time and place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Williamsburg
is the most famous example.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
collection of 80 buildings there (most of them original) take you back to
Tidewater Virginia on the eve of the American Revolution.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Frontier
Culture Museum, near Staunton Virginia, makes a bold leap in how it tells it's
story.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The theme is actually a Shenandoah
Valley Farm c.1850 and how it was influenced by immigrants from various
cultures who settled in the valley.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
could be done by pointing out various aspects of the home and outbuildings at
the 1850s farm as to how each was influenced by the descendants of the English,
Irish, German and African peoples who made up the population then.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the folks at the Frontier Culture Museum
when a step further.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They bought farms
from each of those distant places, from the time of the immigrations, to
Virginia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The visitor can discover
firsthand how each of those cultures blended to create the peoples of the
American frontier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">The museum is staffed with very knowledgeable and engaging interpreters. One can tell they take pride in what they are doing and will spend as much time talking and answering questions as you you will let them! We were there on a weekday there were no crowds. We were able to take our time, see everything and talk to all of the historical interpreters. Most are also involved with the day to day activities associated with their time and place. Many of farms also have heritage breed livestock that add to the realistic setting. </span><o:p></o:p></span>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From the
Frontier Culture Museum website:</span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Frontier
Culture Museum tells the story of the thousands of people who migrated to
colonial America, and of the life they created here for themselves and their
descendants. These first pioneers came to America during the 1600s and 1700s
from communities in the hinterlands of England, Germany, Ireland, and West
Africa. Many were farmers and rural craftsmen set in motion by changing
conditions </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">in
their homelands, and drawn to the American colonies by opportunities for a
better life. Others came as unwilling captives to work on farms and
plantations. Regardless of how they arrived, all became Americans, and all
contributed to the success of the colonies, and of the United States.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">To
tell the story of these early immigrants and their American descendants, the
Museum has moved or reproduced examples of traditional rural buildings from
England, Germany, Ireland, West Africa, and America. The Museum engages the
public at these exhibits with a combination of interpretive signage and living
history demonstrations. The outdoor exhibits are located in two separate areas:
the Old World and America. The Old World exhibits show rural life and culture
in four homelands of early migrants to the American colonies. The American
exhibits show the life these colonists and their descendants created in the
colonial back-country, how this life changed over more than a century, and how
life in the United States today is shaped by its frontier past."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Should
you be traveling up I-81 into northern Virginia, please consider a stop at
Staunton at this museum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You will not
regret it and will come away with a much better appreciation of what it took to
create our American culture.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8VvspMB53wQ3T46bGOtNDq1OzPqf4UrDKeSotXqUET4qfVbnh-JmhPsW0SS-v1UTFC7VeKeuyYGXgybFL1bYdPc1gjFNiG-Il-fwhk95UAnxXioBJkhmhm4LPGeLzTAXQES15lQOt7Pdm/s1600/English+house.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8VvspMB53wQ3T46bGOtNDq1OzPqf4UrDKeSotXqUET4qfVbnh-JmhPsW0SS-v1UTFC7VeKeuyYGXgybFL1bYdPc1gjFNiG-Il-fwhk95UAnxXioBJkhmhm4LPGeLzTAXQES15lQOt7Pdm/s640/English+house.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The English House was built in 1692 in Worchestershire, in west-central England. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">It was saved from destruction and moved in pieces to the FCM where it was lovingly restored. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">All photos by the Mark Hubbs.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcOegDHi3J4KEv0SGMBnUavamLC_lOhyphenhyphenlluw23QgMx6sK4vjvYY2UovF1VawRCW8NBQiRH5KxLNbS8P56XGFNwFDq41hi9QXI_PIlF0aQCbpQqDYBvD-KvJSjRHqVLhSJhV3Kre3CK6sQc/s1600/English.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcOegDHi3J4KEv0SGMBnUavamLC_lOhyphenhyphenlluw23QgMx6sK4vjvYY2UovF1VawRCW8NBQiRH5KxLNbS8P56XGFNwFDq41hi9QXI_PIlF0aQCbpQqDYBvD-KvJSjRHqVLhSJhV3Kre3CK6sQc/s400/English.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Working kitchen gardens behind the English House.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiOkHIGHrTBWbO0b7986i1aUrs-M3HWqo2WSDLkLZxYdnyiwK3KaZTsNJNkZnN5p26hX093LrW_N58LYqNf-HiaAYkWQ7DupKTQO5tnIzQt_VDGFGvm56rqMQZDpnwlDaK5pLQaEh7g-fL/s1600/English+ladies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiOkHIGHrTBWbO0b7986i1aUrs-M3HWqo2WSDLkLZxYdnyiwK3KaZTsNJNkZnN5p26hX093LrW_N58LYqNf-HiaAYkWQ7DupKTQO5tnIzQt_VDGFGvm56rqMQZDpnwlDaK5pLQaEh7g-fL/s400/English+ladies.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Costumed historical interpreter give cooking demonstrations in the English kitchen.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The English House and gardens from across the mill pond.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJbQaH4nRsu1MI1M6wULrCQV6WKMLUC_HvG2JZve02nyrqNE0P4zFCYL6SkJYKkojgEOQNSDDIJ5DgJ-z36-sWN6yL_6v1XHHwvQ-at7TY3U1eo8p3ofNGotECv4kr-uvBOglCRTaAHprh/s1600/Sugar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJbQaH4nRsu1MI1M6wULrCQV6WKMLUC_HvG2JZve02nyrqNE0P4zFCYL6SkJYKkojgEOQNSDDIJ5DgJ-z36-sWN6yL_6v1XHHwvQ-at7TY3U1eo8p3ofNGotECv4kr-uvBOglCRTaAHprh/s640/Sugar.jpg" width="425" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">A young volunteer interpreter uses the sunlight to better see her task of </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXNgLb14XUMgV4iBzwrEOQUNhrUxmevbxqOUcEQQng_EnTKn8p4hr4XtKffaihQ_78LjEndkSWtyOABZVClDPgaZXhmYMkv00Mdqa-i3F6JrJNJNJqXjawL-fdoqI79XR2734w5Ezgk58a/s1600/Blacksmith.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXNgLb14XUMgV4iBzwrEOQUNhrUxmevbxqOUcEQQng_EnTKn8p4hr4XtKffaihQ_78LjEndkSWtyOABZVClDPgaZXhmYMkv00Mdqa-i3F6JrJNJNJqXjawL-fdoqI79XR2734w5Ezgk58a/s640/Blacksmith.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">This smithy's forge was brought from Ulster, Northern Ireland. It dates to the 1740s.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The blacksmith keeps the forge going and produces iron products while he visits with guests.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"> The Scotch-Irish is a term we use now to describe Protestant people from Ulster in Northern Ireland. They were descended from people from Scotland who were settled in Northern Ireland by the English Crown. Hundreds of thousands of Scotch-Irish immigrated to America in the 17th and 18th Centuries. This farm dates from at least the early 18th Century and was brought over from Ulster.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Chicken coop and pig sty from the Ulster Farm.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtoGwlH8j4maKwuOfmEwqy15yTvng-ulQ2gK4undjeODRns9LiHYMXj0DaZ29xaaCD0XaVPxzdLSQsL4calAmStF6P69xlDTH6WTJP6SDz5YJTg9lTXjhHm-ViqFoZhU1aVunkNWtVgEdD/s1600/weaver.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtoGwlH8j4maKwuOfmEwqy15yTvng-ulQ2gK4undjeODRns9LiHYMXj0DaZ29xaaCD0XaVPxzdLSQsL4calAmStF6P69xlDTH6WTJP6SDz5YJTg9lTXjhHm-ViqFoZhU1aVunkNWtVgEdD/s400/weaver.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Many Ulster farmers supplemented their income by growing, processing and weaving linen cloth. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Here an interpreter works a linen loom.</span> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the late 17th and through the 18th Century approximately `120,000 German speaking immigrants came to America from the Palatinate, Baden, and Württemberg regions on the middle and upper Rhine. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The farm dates to the late 17th Century and came from the Palatinate region.</span> </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL8CVGz8-SYlTzl48CqEtiV17SZOWzukq13LFQg8XDRkpj4xjMeg9dGtKMD90pVzQIqeUVDjWkAwIxhMA9U-RZsxXdyiJRqSCRWpbZms8lADPBrF01K75i8cIeWObtHwTKarkXK_UYVXYk/s1600/German+Barn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL8CVGz8-SYlTzl48CqEtiV17SZOWzukq13LFQg8XDRkpj4xjMeg9dGtKMD90pVzQIqeUVDjWkAwIxhMA9U-RZsxXdyiJRqSCRWpbZms8lADPBrF01K75i8cIeWObtHwTKarkXK_UYVXYk/s400/German+Barn.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">One of the barns at the German Farm.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> Hans is a real German Speaking immigrant. He came to the United States from Austria. He was one of the most engaging and knowledgeable interpreter we met during our visit. We sat in his parlor and talked with him for a long time.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Not all immigrants came willingly. This is a recreation of a West African Village. Although this architecture was not adopted into American dwellings other aspects of African culture integrated gradually into American frontier culture. Agriculture techniques, food stuffs, plants and music all found their way into the lives of all Americans.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The entire African village is enclosed by an adobe style wall. The intricately carved wooden gate was reproduced in Africa</span>.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The next series of exhibit show how all of these cultures blended to make the American homes of the valley. The first settlers arrived in the 1740s and carved out small farms in a howling wilderness. They, no matter where they came from started in simple log cabins built from the wood that was cleared to farm.</span> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">It was cold that day. Notice the breath of this young lady in the 1740s Farm. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">She took a break from cutting fire wood to talk .</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Frontier Culture Museum has an impressive youth volunteer interpreter program. They must put in a minimum number of training hours to be certified to work with the public. These two young ladies were doing 1820s household chores when we visited. They knew their stuff and were not afraid to engage visitor in conversation. Neither was old enough to drive, but could stand toe-to-toe with any costumed interpreter I've ever encountered!</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fast forward four generations to the 1820s Farm. The cabin has given way to a multi-room house. It is still log, but the timbers are hewn square. This house started as a "Double-Pen" log home. The pen was later enclosed to make one large dwelling. Elements of the German, English and Irish homes can be seen in the construction and how it is furnished</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Another view of the 1820s Farm.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span> The exhibits culminate with the 1850s Farm. On the eve of the Civil War the homes were quite cozy. Both log and frame construction can be seen. This house has an iron cookstove, a very modern convenience for its time!<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">This is George. He does an excellent interpretation of an 1850s tom cat. He is oblivious to the visitors.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You can learn more about the Frontier Culture Museum at their website:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><a href="http://www.frontiermuseum.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">http://www.frontiermuseum.org</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The museum also maintains an excellent Facebook Page where they post upcoming events and videos of the their interpreters involved in various skills and tasks:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/pages/Frontier-Culture-Museum-of-Virginia/55813996379">https://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/pages/Frontier-Culture-Mus</a></span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/pages/Frontier-Culture-Museum-of-Virginia/55813996379"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">eum-of-Virginia/55813996379</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-37303612542271653312013-07-24T11:57:00.001-05:002013-07-24T11:57:41.810-05:00My First Hate Mail - I Guess I Should Be Proud!Someone told me that bad publicity is as important as good publicity. <br />
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I recently received my first bit of hate mail concerning my historical novel, <em>The Secret of Wattensaw Bayou</em>. I welcome constructive criticism as it will help me become a better writer. But this hate filled message, which came to my author's Facebook page, had little to do with my book and much to do with Southern apologetics and racial tinged hate that the Son's of Confederate Veterans (SCV) and other such Neo-Confederate organizations spew. I recognize the talking points.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdTbrNqQSMJzZe337AXqHkR8O2-GPstFX9CfBqmBWP34YLcADYZmFeyvXUdbNjJro703gcj9jA01eDDlHYMjlaPX1SDTchqkptfab2UnjEoxxIGk8fQJCkucBFiy7iWNf2e0ndHdZM9c3k/s1600/Cover2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdTbrNqQSMJzZe337AXqHkR8O2-GPstFX9CfBqmBWP34YLcADYZmFeyvXUdbNjJro703gcj9jA01eDDlHYMjlaPX1SDTchqkptfab2UnjEoxxIGk8fQJCkucBFiy7iWNf2e0ndHdZM9c3k/s320/Cover2.jpeg" width="202" /></a>I've tried to be a member of the SCV on two different occasions. The fist was in my home town when I was in my teens. The second in my adopted home during the early 1990s. I viewed it as a heritage organization to remember the four years of sacrifice our southern ancestors endured during the Civil War. Both times I was disappointed to find the leadership was more interested in making excuses for the Southern cause and denying that slavery had anything to do with the decision to go to war. I found few scholars, and many haters.<br />
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I don't know if Charles Wright is a member of the SCV, but his letter exemplifies the rhetoric that I heard over and over again during my time in that organization. <br />
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I'll post his letter below and my response. There were 35 other comments between Mr. Wright first message and the last comment. Mr. Wright's vitriol intensified as my supporters responded. It seems that he was bashing a book that I had not yet written. His complaints had little if anything to do with <em>Wattensaw Bayou</em>. If you would like to read the entire exchange you can find it on my author's Facebook <a href="https://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/pages/ME-Hubbs/443202075755150" target="_blank">HERE</a>. Look for the Charles Wright's post under "Recent Posts by Others" on the right side of the page.<br />
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<a href="https://www.facebook.com/cwcomputer?hc_location=stream"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3; font-family: Calibri;">Charles
Wright</span></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sir: The terrible bias in your book, the Secret
of Wattensaw Bayou, degrades an otherwise wonderful book. The Union army
invaded a sovereign nation, committed war on civilians as a matter of strategy,
raped all colors, stole from all colors, burned out all colors, killed for the
fun of it all colors, salted ground, poisoned wells, etc. The Confederate army,
always offered Confederate Script for anything they took, plus even rounded up
men that didn't abide by these rules, and court marshaled them even putting
them in front of a firing squad. The war was with the Godly South, vs the
godless north, your story is a travesty to the memory of Good Confederate
Soldiers. I would hope that you would study history, and be ashamed of shaming
the memory of such good people, while sanctifying the aggressors, who committed
these atrocities against our civilian people! Please study the history of these
two people, and learn the truth! The war wasn't about slavery, and slavery was
on it's way out. I enjoy even fiction work about this area, but don't enjoy
someone putting such bias into it, and trying to damage the names of good
people, states, and nations.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><u>Mark Hubbs</u></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mr.
Wright, I think it is time that I chime in this discussion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I'm gratified that you took time to read my
book, "The Secret of Wattensaw Bayou."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Did you have ancestors in the DeValls Bluff
area?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If so, we might be cousins.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Jonathan Wright in the books is a real
person - my G-G-G Grandfather.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was
one of the first settlers in the White River valley, there long before
statehood.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">If you
did indeed read the book, you will know that the story is a snapshot in time
for one family in Prairie County Arkansas between June 1862 and August
1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I'm perplexed about your concern
that I portrayed the Union in such a good light and did not describe atrocities
committed by Union troops.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Heck, I
hardly portrayed Union troops at all!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There is a second hand account of the Union Navy raid at DeValls Bluff
half way through the book and then in the last chapter the US Army marches near
the family's home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were no
Northern atrocities at those places on those days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would have had to fabricate any atrocities
to fit them into the story.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
interest of accurate history, I'm sure you would not have me do that.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I sense
that you are actually more upset that I have portrayed the south and the CS
soldiers in a negative light.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I can
assure you that all of the issues that the Wright family dealt with are actual
problems that many southerners caught in the War, saw firsthand.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Slave
patrollers did search for, capture and mistreat slaves who were away from their
homes without permission.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This went on
before and during the War.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">After
the Conscription Act of 1862, men were indeed forced into the CS Army,
sometimes at gunpoint.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Men
did desert in large numbers, and they did have the threat of trial and
execution if caught.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Slave
owners were compelled to "lease" their slaves to the CS government
for use in the War effort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The death
rate from disease in those labor camps was just as appalling as those in the
soldier's camps.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
CS government did not protect their citizens from the lawless bands of men who
terrorized the remote areas of the state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Slavery
did exist, 4 million people were in bondage, and their lives and labor was
being stolen from them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of them
suffered terribly, physically and emotionally, at the hands of their
masters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">As far
as "dishonoring" CS soldiers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There was only one character in the book portrayed as a villain (Capt
Campbell.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are others who are
treated neutrally or as honorable and loyal men of the community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">As far
as your statement that the War had nothing to do with slavery, we cannot know
the hearts of men who lived 150 years ago, unless they left their thoughts on
paper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, we don't know the
motivations of the average CS soldier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, we do have clear insight into the motivations of the decision makers
who precipitated Secession and the War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is the central point of a letter from Alabama's Gov Moore when he
called the Secession Convention for Alabama in 1861:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: white;">"Who is Mr.
Lincoln, whose election is now beyond question? He is the head of a great
sectional party calling itself Republican: a party whose leading object is the
destruction of the institution of slavery as it exists in the slaveholding
States. Their most distinguished leaders, in and out of Congress, have publicly
and boldly proclaimed this to be their intention and unalterable determination.
Their newspapers are filled with similar declarations. Are they in earnest? Let
their past acts speak for them.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: white;">Nearly every one of the
non-slaveholding States have been for years under the control of the Black
Republicans. A large majority of these States have nullified the fugitive slave
law, and have successfully resisted its execution. They have enacted penal
statutes, punishing, by fine and imprisonment in the penitentiary, persons who
may pursue and arrest fugitive slaves in said State. They have by law, under
heavy penalties, prohibited any person from aiding the owner to arrest his
fugitive slave, and have denied us the use of their prisons to secure our
slaves until they can be removed from the State. They have robbed the South of
slaves worth millions of dollars, and have rendered utterly ineffectual the
only law passed by Congress to protect this species of property. . . </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: white;">All these things have
been effected, either by the unconstitutional legislation of free States, or by
combinations of individuals. These facts prove that they are not only in
earnest and intent upon accomplishing their wicked purposes, but have done all
that local legislation and individual efforts could effect.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: white;">Knowing that their
efforts could only be partially successful without the aid of the Federal
Government, they for years have struggled to get control of the Legislative and
Executive Departments thereof. They have now succeeded, by large majorities, in
all the non-slaveholding States except New Jersey, and perhaps California and
Oregon, in electing Mr. Lincoln, who is pledged to carry out the principles of
the party that elected him. The course of events show clearly that this party
will, in a short time have a majority in both branches of Congress. It will
then be in their power to change the complexion of the Supreme Court so as to
make it harmonize with Congress and the President. When that party get
possession of all the Departments of Government, with the purse and the sword,
he must be blind indeed who does not see that slavery will be abolished in the
District of Columbia, in the dock-yards and arsenals, and wherever the Federal
Government has jurisdiction.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: white;">It will be excluded from
the Territories, and other free States will in hot haste be admitted into the
Union, until they have a majority to alter the Constitution. Then slavery will
be abolished by law in the States, and the "irrepressible conflict"
will end; for we are notified that it shall never cease, until "the foot
of the slave shall cease to tread the soil of the United States." The
state of society that must exist in the Southern States, with four millions of
free negroes and their increase, turned loose upon them, I will not discuss--it
is too horrible to contemplate.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: white;">I have only noticed such
of the acts of the Republican party as I deem necessary to show that they are
in earnest, and determined to carry out their publicly avowed intentions--and
to show that their success has been such as should not fail to create the
deepest concern for the honor and safety of the Southern States.--Now, in view
of the past and our prospects for the future, what ought we to do? What do
wisdom and prudence dictate?--What do honor and safety require at our hands?"<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Here is
a link to the minutes of the Alabama Secession Convention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is amazing how much the preservation of
slavery is discussed during this convention<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/smithwr/smith.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Best Regards</span><br />
<br />
<br />
M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-334376178225164987.post-54692969519409442292013-07-20T22:07:00.000-05:002013-07-20T22:08:44.999-05:00A Medieval Cathedral - In Tennessee!<br />
R<strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ecently, my wife Phyllis and I
had the opportunity to visit the campus of The University of the South at
Sewanee Tennessee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sewanee is located
on the Cumberland Plateau between Nashville and Chattanooga.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a small liberal arts and theological
university that has its roots in the Episcopal Church.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Much of the money to found the university
came from donations from various Anglican churches in Great Britain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That heritage is reflected in the beautiful
gothic stone architecture of the campus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The center point of the campus is
All Saint's Chapel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
"chapel" nomenclature is misleading.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is a very large place of worship.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Even referring to it as a "church" might be an
understatement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> I was astounded to find such a wonderful piece of architecture hidden away in rural Tennessee. The Campus at Sewanee is well worth a visit should you be traveling on I-24 between Nashville and Chattanooga. </span>Here is a brief history
of the school and the chapel from the university web site: <o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All
Saint's Chapel History<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq3AoyERdAkMvkMRxtaUrLPaJOB0GOPj-GoxsdyGKTyDfDmu_q5t9nDbNRaf4VQVr3RcMwObCDeCk1AIRuFbfVs0JlwI0DiaPNELUAPd2qBfY_2TkzC8dwHEqE8XqPCjQkA5XSdwp11ukH/s1600/all-saints4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq3AoyERdAkMvkMRxtaUrLPaJOB0GOPj-GoxsdyGKTyDfDmu_q5t9nDbNRaf4VQVr3RcMwObCDeCk1AIRuFbfVs0JlwI0DiaPNELUAPd2qBfY_2TkzC8dwHEqE8XqPCjQkA5XSdwp11ukH/s320/all-saints4.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">All Saints Chapel. </span><span style="font-size: small;">Photo from: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.betterlivingthroughbeowulf.com/?p=1988<o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"To
understand fully the history of All Saints' Chapel, one must first have a grasp
of the history of the founding of the University of the South and the town of
Sewanee.<br />
<br />
The history of the founding of the University begins on July 1, 1856, with a
letter that Bishop Leonidas Polk wrote to other bishops in the south concerning
his desire to create a joint educational center which he envisioned to be
"our common property, under our joint control, of a clear and distinctly
recognized church character, upon a scale of such breadth and
comprehensiveness, as shall be equal in the liberality of its provisions for
intellectual cultivation to those of the highest class at home or abroad."<br />
<br />
Bishops from North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas met that year for the General
Convention in Philadelphia and agreed upon the idea. </span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b> <br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4lr0bC3IaQQ2nR8nL_obXqiMcF60ktOHDTzTSac_pDs9niZBT_AoCQIzVN3KaKdVwv2sHBgrYV843ahhinwrwuSRNbhR7RTuozm_Gfr73czHknhyJK3OBqaOnB979Tj6I9kN7sxSt_Rtv/s1600/bishops.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4lr0bC3IaQQ2nR8nL_obXqiMcF60ktOHDTzTSac_pDs9niZBT_AoCQIzVN3KaKdVwv2sHBgrYV843ahhinwrwuSRNbhR7RTuozm_Gfr73czHknhyJK3OBqaOnB979Tj6I9kN7sxSt_Rtv/s400/bishops.jpg" width="267" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A series of stained glass windows in the chapel <br />
foryer tell the hisotry of Sewanee. <br />
Here the bishops meet to plan the new university.<br />
Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
The following year at Polk's family home in Beersheba, Tennessee these bishops
signed the constitution for the university. In January of 1858, the State of
Tennessee gave the university its charter under which the institution, as a
political as well as an educational entity, could shape the environment to meet
its needs. The Vice-Chancellor was given the rights of "mayor" for
the town of Sewanee as well as acting president of the university. The
cornerstone was laid on October 10, 1860 among a gathering of some 5,000 people.<br />
<br />
However, the university's development was brought to a sudden halt with the
outbreak of the Civil War. As General Rosecrans pushed the Army of Tennessee in
the direction of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, the Federal Army passed
through Sewanee and left few remains of the university behind. It was during
the re-establishment of Sewanee in 1866 that our chapel began its part in the
history of the university. The original chapel for the university was built in
time for the re-opening in 1868. It was named St. Augustine's after the school
in Canterbury, England. The site of this building is marked by a stone marker
in the south lawn of All Saints' today.<br />
<br />
The original St. Augustine's was enlarged nine times between 1867 and 1910 to
meet needs of a growing student body. Eventually it was decided to abandon St.
Augustine's for a larger structure, All Saints' Chapel. The groundbreaking took
place in 1904 with anticipation for its completion to coincide with the
fiftieth anniversary of its founding. Architectural plans were drawn up by
noted architect Ralph Adams Cram of New York. Construction began in 1905 but
was halted in 1907 due to the failure of the Bank of Winchester during the
great financial panic of that year. In 1910, a wooden floor and ceiling were installed
to make the chapel available for use.<br />
<br />
It was not until 1957, in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the
university, that Vice-Chancellor Edward McCrady initiated the completion of the
chapel. Using Cram's original plans and designs created by Dr. McCrady in 1937,
construction began anew and the chapel was completed by July of 1959. His
designs were inspired by numerous architectural masterpieces.<br />
<br />
The tower is primarily based upon that of the University Church at Oxford
University, England known as Saint Mary the Virgin. The vaulted ceilings are
designed principally from the models of the medieval French cathedrals Chartres
and Amiens. The rose window is based upon that of the south transept of Notre
Dame de Paris in France.<br />
<br />
Today All Saints' Chapel continues to represent the geographical and symbolic
center of campus. It stands 61 feet high and 233 feet long. Shapard Tower is
134 feet tall."<o:p></o:p></div>
</b><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuaqjatHmBO6b56SZ40YnG54bWYnVQUFroyJMyK4EOdNVoW4mfVdm_4qJkkEvg6UFe69SXlHRzZ6EYrLFy0Hd1Zkowax-SXUxCp-5TLguWakrD_JkwRBGBJm0H6_g9dB85yUCBmmVheWnl/s1600/Inside.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="465" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuaqjatHmBO6b56SZ40YnG54bWYnVQUFroyJMyK4EOdNVoW4mfVdm_4qJkkEvg6UFe69SXlHRzZ6EYrLFy0Hd1Zkowax-SXUxCp-5TLguWakrD_JkwRBGBJm0H6_g9dB85yUCBmmVheWnl/s640/Inside.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The main nave of the chapel. Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipm3n4KAbKo4UPvW84ITEbxJCHwkZn_0jCAuPIQGDWfbH3DBWUW8MiZ-mtkd-yMWd6yyF0DAzVJHKKdbu01j8SuhwKGn1AxkPQvOoap3YtGwe2CKVYsOqGN4yD1Z6tZuo4IDZg9y7jXI0r/s1600/Vauted+Ceiling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipm3n4KAbKo4UPvW84ITEbxJCHwkZn_0jCAuPIQGDWfbH3DBWUW8MiZ-mtkd-yMWd6yyF0DAzVJHKKdbu01j8SuhwKGn1AxkPQvOoap3YtGwe2CKVYsOqGN4yD1Z6tZuo4IDZg9y7jXI0r/s640/Vauted+Ceiling.jpg" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The vaulted ceiling and stained glass windows as seen from the nave. <br />
The cathedrals at Chartes and Amiens France inspired much of this design. Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwvSAR9O7i8GbCW8CmVLIt1PwcZb0-PUY4Z0HddwVlhD4uCXEs1q4Tv1fRtJ0r6zf2TEP6cdlL8FDgwg1WxwmrIIUu8QjmaTgyeXu1tO3msNPpD31FnLKUUWDHjpvuKZ9Lizxcsl5eCAg8/s1600/West+Chancel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwvSAR9O7i8GbCW8CmVLIt1PwcZb0-PUY4Z0HddwVlhD4uCXEs1q4Tv1fRtJ0r6zf2TEP6cdlL8FDgwg1WxwmrIIUu8QjmaTgyeXu1tO3msNPpD31FnLKUUWDHjpvuKZ9Lizxcsl5eCAg8/s640/West+Chancel.jpg" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Two aisles run along each side of the nave. This is the west aisle. Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA7wW4iGkcAGrZbW642NSteCkf01SmP2tfTdk-pKPxSxZlpEcQyxXZfaWuZDi0M3hp4xR_SbwD599g6OI-Bp9hgoja-ATPTUi0TS4Wp-BTVwVwjfBA1IlptEkbWjzIywK18kXmKwyOiJ6G/s1600/Font.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA7wW4iGkcAGrZbW642NSteCkf01SmP2tfTdk-pKPxSxZlpEcQyxXZfaWuZDi0M3hp4xR_SbwD599g6OI-Bp9hgoja-ATPTUi0TS4Wp-BTVwVwjfBA1IlptEkbWjzIywK18kXmKwyOiJ6G/s640/Font.jpg" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Carved stone baptismal font. Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWgZ8QnqN0h1PXJsoQrZePRB__y7HPSI_-FyIRrv9a46zIpZ88XNdDy_f25Ak8gWIhD9GqEVXrWut6qqJACwI6N8PCAnLWEE4EwlTgNcTQNE6ViJukv7SFOsTJgh4lzo4CIa7jH-pxKTw3/s1600/Alter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWgZ8QnqN0h1PXJsoQrZePRB__y7HPSI_-FyIRrv9a46zIpZ88XNdDy_f25Ak8gWIhD9GqEVXrWut6qqJACwI6N8PCAnLWEE4EwlTgNcTQNE6ViJukv7SFOsTJgh4lzo4CIa7jH-pxKTw3/s640/Alter.jpg" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The main altar in front of the choir. Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjka5_5Mm9hyPwg-nXsfBYH0c-3PXOzbuaBxMq788QlVQC-5P9rt99OJqPJ5NFHkPeDLcjloXd8TVQhY856X9RgTyd_8SA1wRyM5wQud0tTzCRC5lJ8920uFvEPMEmzqLhOY4nzTUqDBQSP/s1600/Stained+Glass.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjka5_5Mm9hyPwg-nXsfBYH0c-3PXOzbuaBxMq788QlVQC-5P9rt99OJqPJ5NFHkPeDLcjloXd8TVQhY856X9RgTyd_8SA1wRyM5wQud0tTzCRC5lJ8920uFvEPMEmzqLhOY4nzTUqDBQSP/s640/Stained+Glass.jpg" width="410" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of a score of magnificent stained glass windows that face the nave. Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC8j-tVIEDCiNUE8v69lzqil-TxOIIjVGpT0MzqsADl43tk6hoTWae1KG5959iKY9t-VnxcQFlrCpW6zPvjZD6o7HKcJTJ6QeHdvnxYC1XzTw4DvOZ-lpbnUvNNINahHt3vgq8YVlNetoS/s1600/The+Choir2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC8j-tVIEDCiNUE8v69lzqil-TxOIIjVGpT0MzqsADl43tk6hoTWae1KG5959iKY9t-VnxcQFlrCpW6zPvjZD6o7HKcJTJ6QeHdvnxYC1XzTw4DvOZ-lpbnUvNNINahHt3vgq8YVlNetoS/s640/The+Choir2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The choir stalls, looking towards the altar. Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdX0X5V-kPxZWGHCcUyxPrkBre1TBUJmIpPmbELp9hk8khVGbQdNRP2TXYmxBs2vGINAbZRrhzJcUdQZIosaYmilTnt12IXOxSYphqtiQ4lvpSRiYBk09NgoTx-6aC5rhjOyavuGLxvbsq/s1600/The+Choir3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdX0X5V-kPxZWGHCcUyxPrkBre1TBUJmIpPmbELp9hk8khVGbQdNRP2TXYmxBs2vGINAbZRrhzJcUdQZIosaYmilTnt12IXOxSYphqtiQ4lvpSRiYBk09NgoTx-6aC5rhjOyavuGLxvbsq/s640/The+Choir3.jpg" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Choir stalls, looking towards the nave. Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoxCO-UQ7ghVmbWon7pj54olZs0C9aL3ZwQJmAQvJFhwVVE0ccKGXOXjstTfaxmyDzwXeWMaUsc5OtF1f3ObHwfxkfBpTsfoyPV-LY-g4Ss1X8XAQPRWd50Oqxr59Vwe6D88bKA8ICUfmC/s1600/Pulpet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoxCO-UQ7ghVmbWon7pj54olZs0C9aL3ZwQJmAQvJFhwVVE0ccKGXOXjstTfaxmyDzwXeWMaUsc5OtF1f3ObHwfxkfBpTsfoyPV-LY-g4Ss1X8XAQPRWd50Oqxr59Vwe6D88bKA8ICUfmC/s400/Pulpet.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The pulpit. Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKj71aIqvlSnSeF3Bqbcvu8K4ADFiO6RsAlKM_djnZILD9AQYQjAhgIEhojQy-bzUSz60QiN_qB_EXQrIeMoiUqSPzJI50AUmKo59gn9fhPUqPTR25rwlZfmKzYeMvlnNrl42R6g-8euVR/s1600/Pulpet+Detail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKj71aIqvlSnSeF3Bqbcvu8K4ADFiO6RsAlKM_djnZILD9AQYQjAhgIEhojQy-bzUSz60QiN_qB_EXQrIeMoiUqSPzJI50AUmKo59gn9fhPUqPTR25rwlZfmKzYeMvlnNrl42R6g-8euVR/s400/Pulpet+Detail.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Carved figure on the pulpit. Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFX9XgsqbFb2mn95ejHTM-m5C6aZHUt0Ub3IDBArZrX7ZRffRcI0bz_i9wGiN8Yp_oXMmqIfvaNhCALMiyVZsfznQcBYgjmi7tfGa19CoPBK2huEl1R1lhYd7nI8BdKj98aRmeMSk0-dLi/s1600/Stairs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFX9XgsqbFb2mn95ejHTM-m5C6aZHUt0Ub3IDBArZrX7ZRffRcI0bz_i9wGiN8Yp_oXMmqIfvaNhCALMiyVZsfznQcBYgjmi7tfGa19CoPBK2huEl1R1lhYd7nI8BdKj98aRmeMSk0-dLi/s400/Stairs.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stairs to the pulpit as seen from the transcept. Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNFjnlDN-kausW44BEggTMc_4Y4qI5GJ-xi-WIA0c4JPsh74hiSfx4meGQqmgFsXRu3ln2T1fg4ln4Deud9jfteQgCxMcOo5MlD8KM8wboMKx5k94vEhV49Zspi9dOOqVKhqwYbSwwlLlH/s1600/cottage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNFjnlDN-kausW44BEggTMc_4Y4qI5GJ-xi-WIA0c4JPsh74hiSfx4meGQqmgFsXRu3ln2T1fg4ln4Deud9jfteQgCxMcOo5MlD8KM8wboMKx5k94vEhV49Zspi9dOOqVKhqwYbSwwlLlH/s640/cottage.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An English style cottage. Some of the old housing on campus. Photo by Mark Hubbs</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">You can learn more about The University of the South
and All Saint's Chapel at these links:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.sewanee.edu/">http://www.sewanee.edu/</a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">http://www.sewanee.edu/chapel/visit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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M.E.Hubbshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04635645425921860293noreply@blogger.com2